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AP Biology > Chapter 7: Aerobic Cellular Respiration in Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Aerobic Cellular Respiration in Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration

A

catabolic pathway that uses oxygen in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy from chemical bonds in the form of ATP

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2
Q

cellular respiration takes place in

A

the mitochondria

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3
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that are able to synthesize their own food (complex organic molecules)

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4
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that cannot synthesize their own food and must feed on other plants and animals to obtain energy

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5
Q

regardless of being autotrophs or heterotrophs…

A

energy has to be extracted from organic compounds through cellular respiration

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6
Q

___ is reduced to H2O

A

oxygen

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7
Q

___ is oxidized into CO2

A

glucose

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8
Q

the build up of ATP is ____

A

endergonic

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9
Q

cellular respiration is an _____ reaction and ____ energy

A

exergonic, releases

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10
Q

cellular respiration produces ____ ATP in eukaryotes

A

36

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11
Q

cellular respiration produces ____ ATP in prokaryotes

A

38

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12
Q

steps of aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotes

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. krebs cycle
  4. electron transport chain
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13
Q

glycolysis takes place in the __________

A

cytoplasm of the cell

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14
Q

step 1 of glycolysis

A

glucose is phosphorylated by ATP to become glucose 6-phosphate

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15
Q

step 2 of glycolysis

A

rearrangement to become fructose 6-phosphate

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16
Q

step 3 of glycolysis

A

ATP phosphorylates fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

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17
Q

steps 4-5 of glycolysis

A

the 6 carbon molecule splits into two 3-carbon molecules, 1 G3P and one that is converted to G3P in another reaction

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18
Q

step 6 of glycolysis

A

G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated into two NADH molecules and two molecules of BPG, each with one high energy phosphate bond

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19
Q

step 7 of glycolysis

A

high energy phosphate bonds are removed by 2 ADP molecules, producing 2 ATP molecules and leaving 2 3PG molecules

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20
Q

step 8 of glycolysis

A

both molecules of 3PG are converted into 2 molecules of 2PG

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21
Q

step 9 of glycolysis

A

H2O is removed from 2PG, creating 2 PEP molecules each with a high-energy phosphate bond

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22
Q

step 10 of glycolysis

A

high energy phosphate bonds are removed by 2 ADP molecules, produces 2 ATP molecules and 2 pyruvate molecules

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23
Q

outcome of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

24
Q

pyruvate oxidation occurs in _____

A

the matrix of the mitochondria

25
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A

pyruvate is oxidized to an acetyl group by CoA and CO2 is removed. oxidation of pyruvate occurs twice

26
Q

the enzyme that catalyzes pyruvate oxidation is _______

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

27
Q

the enzyme that removes CO2 is called ______

A

pyruvate decarboxylase

28
Q

outcome of pyruvate oxidation

A

2 NADH
2 Acetyl CoA
2 CO2

29
Q

the krebs cycle takes place in _______

A

the matrix of the mitochondria

30
Q

step 1 of krebs cycle

A

the unstable bond attaching the acetyl group to CoA breaks. the acetyl group attaches to oxaloacetate, forming citrate

31
Q

step 2 of krebs cycle

A

a molecule of water is removed and then added to change citrate into its isomer, isocitrate.

32
Q

step 3 of krebs cycle

A

isocitrate is oxidized, a molecule of CO2 is removed, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH to form a-ketoglutarate

33
Q

step 4 of krebs cycle

A

a-ketoglutarate is reduced and a molecule of CO2 is removed to form succinyl CoA

34
Q

step 5 of krebs cycle

A

succinyl CoA is converted into succinate and substrate level phosphorylation takes place. the unstable bond between CoA and succinate breaks, which helps phosphorylate GDP to form GTP. GTP then transfers its phosphate to ADP to form ATP

35
Q

step 6 of krebs cycle

A

succinate is oxidized when 2 of its hydrogens are transferred to FAD, forming FADH2, resulting in the compound fumarate

36
Q

step 7 of krebs cycle

A

H2O is added to fumarate to convert it into malate

37
Q

step 8 of krebs cycle

A

malate is oxidized and NAD is reduced to NADH, forming oxaloacetate. the oxaloacetate is able to combine with the other acetyl CoA and repeat the cycle

38
Q

outcome of krebs cycle

A

6 NADH
4 CO2
2 FADH2
2 ATP

39
Q

electron transport chain

A

reduced compounds from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and krebs cycle enter the electron transport chain and carry their electrons into the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae), where they transfer their electrons to a series of membrane associated proteins

40
Q

step 1 of ETC

A

NADH contributes its electrons to the first protein in the electron transport chain (NADH dehydrogenase) while FADH2 feeds its electrons to Q later in the electron transport chain

41
Q

step 2 of ETC

A

electrons are carried to the next carrier protein, bc1 complex, then to C, and finally to the cytochrome oxidase complex, where O2 is reduced into H2O

42
Q

step 3 of ETC

A

some energy released as electrons is used to pump protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. the protons diffuse back into the matrix through specific channels. ATP synthase catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to create ATP (chemiosmosis)

43
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP production tied to the ETC where O2 is the final electron acceptor

44
Q

theoretical yield of ATP in eukaryotes

A

32 ATP through ETC. each NADH produces 3 ATP & each FADH2 produces 2 ATP

45
Q

actual yield of ATP in eukaryotes

A

30 ATP through ETC. each NADH produces 2.5 ATP & each FADH2 produces 1.5 ATP

46
Q

the actual yield exists because _______

A

the inner mitochondrial membrane is leaky to protons, allowing some of them to re-enter the matrix without passing ATP synthase

47
Q

in cellular respiration of fat, ______

A

fat is broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

48
Q

step 1 of cellular respiration of fat

A

phosphate is added to glycerol, converting it to G3P or another compound that enters glycolysis

49
Q

step 2 of cellular respiration of fat

A

fatty acids are oxidized in the matrix of the mitochondria and split enzymatically into 2-carbon acetyl groups that are bound to CoA (acetyl CoA formed will enter the krebs cycle)

50
Q

the process of cellular respiration of fat is called _______

A

b-oxidation

51
Q

b-oxidation

A

2-carbon acetyl groups are removed from a fatty acid and combined with CoA to form acetyl CoA until the entire fatty acid has been broken down

52
Q

lipids are rich in energy because ______

A

they are highly reduced (many hydrogen atoms and few oxygen atoms)

53
Q

in aerobic respiration of eukaryotes, a molecule of 6-carbon fatty acids generates up to ____ ATP

A

44

54
Q

for every acetyl CoA that enters the krebs cycle, _____ ATP are produced

A

12

55
Q

step 1 of cellular respiration of protein

A

proteins are broken down into their individual amino acids

56
Q

step 2 of cellular respiration of protein

A

amino group (NH2) is removed from each amino acid in a process called deamination

57
Q

step 3 of cellular respiration of protein

A

carbon molecule that is left is converted into a molecule that takes part in glycolysis or krebs cycle

AP Biology (7 decks)

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