Chapter 7: Alcohol Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
alcohol
A
a group of organic chemicals in which 1 or more hydroxyl (OH) groups are attached to the carbon atoms in place of the hydrogen atoms
2
Q
types of alcohol
A
ethanol, glycerol, methanol, and isopropanol
3
Q
ethanol
A
- ethyl alcohol
- found in alcoholic beverages
- considered safe for consumption
- excess can be toxic, can damage the body, and can be lethal
4
Q
glycerol
A
- the backbone of triglycerides
- found in food and in the body
5
Q
methanol
A
- found in industrial compounds
- antifreeze and fuel
- poisonous
6
Q
isopropanol
A
- rubbing alcohol
- poisonous
7
Q
go from sugar to alcohol
A
fermentation
8
Q
fermentation of
A
natural sugars in grains (glucose and maltose) and fruits (glucose and fructose) by yeasts
9
Q
yeast metabolizes glucose into
A
ethanol and carbon dioxide
10
Q
carbon dioxide bubbles off and
A
a beverage containing alcohol is left
11
Q
wine is made from
A
grapes
12
Q
beer is made from
A
malted cereal grains (barley)
13
Q
fermentation stops when
A
the alcohol content reaches 11-14%
14
Q
distillation forms
A
liquors
15
Q
fermented liquid is heated and ethanol vaporizes
A
vapors are collected and form liquor
16
Q
alcohol content is indicated by
A
its proof
17
Q
alcohol proof
A
the number reflects twice the alcohol content in the beverage
18
Q
80 proof contains
A
40% alcohol
19
Q
alcohol is not needed for survival
A
provides very little nutrition other than kcals
20
Q
people drink for a variety of reasons
A
- social, ceremonial, traditional
- historically, wine and beer were safer to drink than water
- relaxation, celebration, social bonding
- signifies emergence into adulthood
- advertising influences beverage choices
21
Q
moderate drinking is measured in terms of
A
a standard drink
22
Q
a standard drink for beer is defined as
A
12 ounces of beer
23
Q
a standard drink for malt liquor is defined as
A
8-9 ounces of malt liquor
24
Q
a standard drink for liquor is defined as
A
1.5 ounces of liquor
24
a standard drink for wine is defined as
5 ounces of wine
25
latest dietary guidelines for Americans recommendations for males
up to 2 drinks per day
26
latest dietary guidelines for Americans recommendations for females
up to 1 drink per day
27
alcohol is absorbed
in the stomach (about 20%) and small intestine (the rest is absorbed here)
28
in the small intestine, the majority of alcohol is absorbed through the
duodenum
29
alcohol doesn't require
digestion
30
alcohol doesn't require digestion because it is
absorbed by simple diffusion through the gastric mucosa
31
the majority of alcohol is metabolized in the
liver
32
the amount and type of food in the stomach affects
how alcohol is absorbed
33
a partially full or full stomach keeps alcohol
away from the stomach lining
34
fat slows
peristalsis
35
CHO slows
absorption through the stomach lining (complex carbs and higher fiber)
36
the stomach is the first site of
alcohol metabolism
37
alcohol begins to metabolize in the stomach by
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
38
the rate at which alcohol is metabolized in the stomach is affected by
how quickly the stomach empties into the duodenum
39
longer time in stomach
more time to metabolize / less alcohol in the blood and brain
40
where is the main site of alcohol metabolism
the liver
41
the liver is the main site of alcohol metabolism
about 95%
42
the amount the liver can metabolize per hour is limited by
body mass and liver size
43
alcohol is metabolized through two pathways in the liver
the ADH pathway and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
44
the ADH pathway
has two steps
45
step 1 of the ADH pathway
alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and NAD+ remove hydrogens from alcohol to form acetaldehyde
46
step 2 of the ADH pathway
- acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) removes more hydrogen and forms acetate
- acetate continues through metabolic pathways to form energy or is converted to a fatty acid and stored as fat
47
the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is used when
there is too much alcohol and the liver enzymes cannot keep up (the ADH pathway can't keep up)
48
chronic alcohol abuse increases the
number of enzymes in the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
49
what increases the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) pathway
- the more someone drinks
- the more frequent they drink
- the amount they drink
50
the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) is used to metabolize drugs and other foreign compounds
- the body takes precedence in metabolizing alcohol first over drugs
- so consuming alcohol and drugs together can result in lethal levels of drugs building up in the bloodstream
51
the more you drink the more active the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) becomes, this can result in
alcohol tolerance
52
alcohol circulates in the blood
some alcohol remains in the blood if the liver cannot metabolize it as fast as it is consumed
53
the liver metabolizes 95% of alcohol consumed, what happens to other 5%
5% is excreted through the lungs, skin, or kidneys through the urine
54
amount of alcohol expelled through the lungs correlates with
the amount of alcohol in the blood
55
blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
the amount of alcohol in the blood
56
blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is measured
in grams of alcohol per deciliter (dl) and expressed as a percentage
57
what affects blood alcohol levels
- gender
- genetics
- ethnicity
58
women feel the narcotic effect of alcohol
sooner than men do
59
females have
20-30% less alcohol dehydrogenase and less body water
60
higher the muscle mass and higher the water
metabolize alcohol at a faster rate
61
individuals with genetic polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase feel the effects of alcohol
more readily
62
some ethnic groups feel the effects of alcohol more readily than others
people of Asian decent have less ADH in their system so they feel the effects of alcohol earlier
63
products of alcohol metabolism
acids and acetaldehyde
64
products of alcohol metabolism (acids and acetaldehyde) can
harm the body and brain
65
alcohol effects on the body can be
short term (while the individual is intoxicated) and long term (>72 hours following intoxication)
66
short term effects of alcohol on the body
- alcohol poisoning
- unintentional injuries
- sleep disruption
- hangovers
- effects the brain
67
alcohol poisoning
results when the BAC is so high that basic physiological functions are depressed
68
alcohol poisoning is more common in
late teens and early adulthood
69
unintentional injuries
each year, nearly 600,000 college-aged students are unintentionally injured due to drinking
70
other risks associated with alcohol consumption
numerous instances of sexual abuse, unsafe sex, suicide attempts, drunk driving, and property damage
71
sleep disruption
having a drink before bed can disrupt the sleep cycle, cause middle of night wakefulness, and make falling asleep difficult
72
hangover
begins within hours of the last drink as BAC begins to drop
73
symptoms of a hangover can
last up to 24 hours after alcohol has left the blood
74
alcohol causes the symptoms of hangovers
- produces large amounts of acetaldehyde, which is mildly toxic (potentially associated with many chronic conditions)
- causes dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (extra alcohol levels could impact sodium/potassium levels)
- contains congeners (worsen hangover symptoms)
75
congeners
compounds found in yeast products that can be mildly toxic in the body
76
alcohol affects
the central nervous system and other body systems
77
alcohol is a
depressant of the central nervous system
78
as a depressant of the central nervous system, alcohol
slows communication between neurons
79
the more alcohol consumed
the more areas of the brain affected
80
cerebral cortex and alcohol
individual becomes more talkative, less inhibited, and has more confidence
81
hippocampus and alcohol
prevents short term memories from becoming long term memories and individuals may experience exaggerated emotions and may blackout
82
cerebellum and alcohol
individual loses ability to walk in a straight line
83
brain stem and alcohol
impaired breathing and heart rate
84
when a downer is paired with an upper
the upper keeps your body awake but the downer could have you blackout and lose total control of decision making and memories (alcohol + drugs)
85
long term effects of alcohol on the body
- impaired digestion, absorption, and nutrient metabolism
- primary malnutrition
- secondary malnutrition
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- weight gain
- depression
-interaction with hormones
- liver disease
- cardiovascular disease
- cancer risk
- put a pregnancy at risk
86
alcohol causes impaired digestion because there is a
decreased secretion of digestive enzymes
87
alcohol interferes with
fat digestion and fat-soluble vitamin transport
88
people who chronically use alcohol are more likely to have
vitamin deficiencies
89
alcohol damages cells in the stomach and intestinal lining, leading to
impaired absorption of water, glucose, sodium, and vitamins
90
alcohol can cause
pancreatitis (in most cases, don't see this until the 3rd or 4th decade of alcohol abuse)
91
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
92
alcohol increases incidences of
gastritis (can cause sharp, stabbing pain)
93
gastritis
inflammation of the lining of the stomach
94
primary malnutrition
individuals compensate for drinking by cutting out nutritious foods
95
secondary malnutrition
occurs from alcohol interference with nutrient absorption and metabolism
96
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
mental confusion and uncontrolled muscle movement due to thiamine deficiency's effect on brain function
97
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome results from
low B1 (thiamine)
98
weight gain
- alcohol contains 7 kcals/g
- additional calories added on top of meals
- supporting research is mixed
99
excessive alcohol use can lead to
depression
100
using alcohol to deal with problems may be a sign of
alcohol abuse
101
alcohol can interact with hormones
- interferes with insulin and glucagon action, resulting in hypoglycemia (very concerning for Type 1 diabetes)
- affects parathyroid hormone and other bone-strengthening hormones
- increases estrogen levels and possibly increases risk of breast cancer
- affects reproductive hormones and is associated with male and female dysfunction and infertility (impact egg and sperm quality)
102
three stages of liver disease
fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis
103
stage 1 of liver disease
fatty liver
104
fatty liver
- fat builds up in the liver cells
- too much fat buildup causes liver dysfunction
- occurs after a few days of excessive drinking
- reversible
105
stage 2 of liver disease
alcoholic hepatitis
106
alcoholic hepatitis
- liver becomes inflamed
- reversible
107
stage 3 of liver disease
cirrhosis
108
cirrhosis
- liver cells die and are replaced with scar tissue
- scar tissue prevents the liver from filtering toxins and waste products out of the body
- more than 50% die within 4 years
- can cause a fluid buildup in the abdomen
- can cause jaundice
- irreversible
109
moderate intake of alcohol may be
cardioprotective (help reduce clotting in the blood)
110
more than 3 drinks per day can be harmful
increases cholesterol synthesis by liver and increases blood pressure
111
excessive amounts of alcohol can trigger
a cardiac arrhythmia or cause cardiac myopathy (change in the normal pattern of the heart)
112
alcohol increases the risk of
mouth, esophageal, liver, colon, rectum, and breast cancer
113
how alcohol contributes the cancer is not well understood
the production of acetaldehyde may be related
114
alcohol can put a pregnancy at risk
drinking during pregnancy exposes the infant to alcohol and the risk of serious damage to the central nervous system
115
exposing a fetus to alcohol can lead to
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)
116
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)
- disorders resulting from the damage of alcohol exposure in utero
- physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities afterbirth
- fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
117
health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption are
inconclusive
118
1 to 2 drinks of red wine may promote heart health
- may reduce the accumulation of oxidized LDLs on the arterial walls
- may inhibit the stickiness of platelets in the blood
- may increase HDLs
- may reduce inflammation
- reduces high blood pressure
119
1 to 2 drinks of red wine appears to only benefit
males >45 years and females >55 years
120
alcohol may reduce the risk of diabetes
- moderate consumption may increase insulin sensitivity in Type 2 diabetes
- limit consumption to 1-2 drinks
- drink with a meal to prevent hypoglycemia
121
moderate alcohol consumption is associated with longevity
wine consumption and dark colored beer offer the most protection compared to light beer and liquor
122
alcohol abuse
when a person allows alcohol to interfere in their life
123
types of alcohol abuse
- binge drinking
- drinking and driving
- underage drinking
124
binge drinking for males
5+ drinks in a short time
125
binge drinking for females
4+ drinks in a short time
126
binge drinking is the highest among
college students
127
binge drinking is associated with
injuries, unsafe sexual practices, sexual abuse, aggression, hypertension, heart attack, suicide, homicide, and child abuse
128
bind drinking can result in
blackouts and alcohol poisoning
129
drinking and driving
driving in the US with a BAC of 0.08+ is illegal when over 21 (any BAC level is illegal for under 21)
130
the average age of the 1st drink for Americans from 12-20 is
14 years old
131
underage drinking: alcohol can interfere with
brain development and lead to permanent cognitive and memory damage in teens
132
the earlier a person starts drinking
the higher the chances that alcohol will become a problem later in life
133
alcoholism is
a disease
134
alcoholism is also known as
alcohol dependence
135
4 classic symptoms of alcoholism
- craving alcohol
- developed a higher tolerance for alcohol
- can't control or limit intake once drinking starts
- a developed dependence on alcohol
136
all 4 symptoms are not always going to be present, but the most universal symptom is
can't control or limit intake once drinking starts
137
risk factors for developing alcoholism
- risk for alcoholism is 50% genetic
- home life
- drinking habits of family and friends
- social pressures
- access to alcohol
138
there is no cure for alcoholism
- treatment includes physical and psychological approaches
- alcoholics must eliminate alcohol entirely from their lives to successfully recover
- once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic
139
resources of alcoholism
alcoholics anonymous (AA)
