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Human Biology ATAR > Chapter 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 and 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

The transporting system of the body, consisting of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lymph and lymph vessels

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2
Q

Functions of the blood:

A

Transporting oxygen and nutrients to all cells of the body; transporting carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cells; transporting hormones to cells; maintain pH of body fluids; distributing heat and maintain body temperature; maintain water content of body fluids; protect against disease-causing microorganisms; clot when vessels are damaged.

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3
Q

What is plasma?

A

The fluid part of the blood in which the cells are suspended. (45% of the blood is plasma).

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4
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Any cell or cell-like structure in the blood.

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5
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

(erythrocytes) One of the formed elements of the blood; red blood cells contain haemoglobin.

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6
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

(leucocytes) One of the blood cells; it contains a nucleus but no haemoglobin.

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7
Q

What are platelets?

A

(thrombocytes) One of the formed elements of blood; a fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a membrane but lacking a nucleus.

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8
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

The pigment in red blood cells; it is involved in the transport of oxygen and some carbon dioxide throughout the body.

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9
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxygen combined with haemoglobin.

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10
Q

Equation for oxyhemoglobin:

A

Hb (haemoglobin) + O2 (oxygen) = HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)

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11
Q

The transport of oxygen

A

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in capillaries in the lungs. Oxyhemoglobin breaks down to haemoglobin and oxygen when oxygen is low. while flowing through capillaries between body cells, red blood cells give up oxygen which diffuses into tissue fluid and then cells.

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12
Q

What is oxygenated blood?

A

Blood containing a lot of oxygen. (Bright red).

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13
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood that contains little oxygen. (Dark red).

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14
Q

Why are red blood cells suited to transport oxygen?

A

They contain haemoglobin which combines with oxygen:; have no nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin molecules; shaped like biconcave discs which increases surface area for oxygen exchange.

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15
Q

What is carbaminohaemoglobin?

A

A molecule resulting from a combination of carbon dioxide and haemoglobin.

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16
Q

Formula for transport of carbon dioxide:

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2O (water) –> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) –> H+ (hydrogen ions) + HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)

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17
Q

Transport of carbon dioxide.

A

As blood flows through capillaries, CO2 diffuses into plasma. Some CO2 dissolves in plasma and some with haemoglobin and forms carbonic acid. in blood in alveoli capillaries, CO2 dissolves in plasma into air in alveolus. hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions form carbonic acid and breaks down into water and CO2.

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18
Q

What is alveoli?

A

Air sacs in the lungs; also, the milk-secreting part of the mammary glands; singular, alveolus.

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19
Q

What are wastes?

A

Substances produced by cells that cannot be used and that would be harmful if allowed to accumulate; also called metabolic wastes.

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20
Q

What is the heart?

A

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood.

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21
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

A membrane that encloses the heart. Prevents the heart from over-stretching.

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22
Q

What is the cardiac muscle?

A

The muscle that forms the wall of the heart.

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23
Q

What is circulation?

A

The movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels.

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24
Q

What are the three blood vessels?

A

Arteries, capillaries and veins.

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25
Q

What are arteries?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

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26
Q

What are capillaries?

A

A microscopic blood vessel which links arterioles and venules.

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27
Q

What are veins?

A

A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart.

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28
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Valves ensure that the blood can flow in one direction.

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29
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

Valves within the heart that ensure that the blood flows through it in one direction only. When ventricles contract, blood catches between flaps, sealing off the opening between the atria and ventricles. Blood then leaves the heart through the arteries.

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30
Q

What are semi-lunar valves?

A

Valves located where the arteries leave the heart; stops blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

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31
Q

What is diastole?

A

The period of relaxation of the heart (between contractions), during which it fills with blood.

32
Q

What is artial systole

A

Contraction of the atria of the heart.

33
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the ventricles contract. it forces blood into arteries.

34
Q

What is blood flow?

A

The amount of blood flowing through an organ and blood vessel within a given time. change in blood flow occurs by; changing output of blood from the heart and by changing diameter of blood vessels by supplying the tissues.

35
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The cycle of events that occurs in one complete heartbeat.

36
Q

What is systole?

A

The period when the heart muscle contracts.

37
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of heartbeats per minute.

38
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle during one contraction.

39
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped from ventricle of the heart in one minute.

40
Q

Formula for chemical output:

A

Cardiac output (mL/minute) = stroke volume (mL) x heart rate (beats/minute).

41
Q

Blood flow in arteries:

A

Ventricles contract and push blood into arteries and walls stretch. when ventricles relax, walls recoil. the recoil keeps blood moving and maintains pressure. the muscle in arteries do not contract but can reduce the diameter of the artery and reduce blood flow to an organ.

42
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, restricting the flow of blood through them.

43
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

An increase in the diameter of blood vessels, allowing for an increase in the flow of blood.

44
Q

What are arterioles?

A

A very small artery. They supply blood to the capillaries.

45
Q

What are venules?

A

A small vein.

46
Q

What are vasodilators?

A

A substance that produces a local widening, or dilation of blood vessels.

47
Q

What is blood clotting?

A

Formation of a blood clot; also known as coagulation.

48
Q

What are clotting factors?

A

Chemical substances in blood plasma that are essential for blood clotting.

49
Q

What is fibrin?

A

An insoluble protein in the form of threads; form blood clots by holding blood cells, platelets together in a mesh.

50
Q

What is a clot?

A

Blood cells, platelets and plasma trapped together in a mesh of fibrin.

51
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

Contraction of the fibrous threads of a blood clot.

52
Q

What is a serum?

A

Blood plasma without the clotting substances, squeezed out of a blood clot during clot retraction.

53
Q

Main function of the lymphatic system?

A

To collect some of the fluid that escapes from blood capillaries and return it to the circulatory system.

54
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

System of vessels that drains excess fluid from the tissues; also called the lymphatic system.

55
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

A

A network of lymph capillaries joined to larger lymph vessels and lymph nodes, which are located along the length of some lymph vessels.

56
Q

What is lymph?

A

The colourless fluid that circulates through the lymphatic vessels to be returned to the blood.

57
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

An oval or bean-shaped structure found on the lymphatic vessels; it is involved in protection against infection; also called a lymph gland.

58
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

A large vessel that collects lymph from the lymph capillaries; lymphatic vessels join up and eventually return lymph to the blood.

59
Q

What is lymphoid tissue?

A

Tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages; it is found mostly in the lymph nodes but also in the bone marrow, tonsils, spleen and thymus.

60
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

A type of white blood cell; lymphocytes are also found in lymph nodes and in lymph.

61
Q

What are macrophages?

A

A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte (a type of white blood cell).

62
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Cells that develop from a B cell and produce antibodies.

63
Q

What are phagocytic cells?

A

Cells theatre able to engulf and digest microorganisms and cell debris.

64
Q

What is a transfusion?

A

The transfer of blood, or of some of the components of blood, into the circulation of a person.

65
Q

Who invented the transfusion?

A

In 1901, Karl Landsteiner.

66
Q

What is the ABO blood group system?

A

A system of classifying blood types according to the antigens on the surface of the red blood cell.

67
Q

What is the Rh blood group system?

A

A system classifying blood types according to the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells.

68
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissues.

69
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A substance produced in response to a specific antigen; it combines with the antigen to neutralise or destroy it.

70
Q

What is agglutination?

A

The clumping together of micro-organisms or of red blood cells.

71
Q

What is whole blood?

A

Blood in the form it was in when taken from a donor, but with a chemical added to prevent clotting; used in transfusion.

72
Q

What is red cell concentrate?

A

A component of blood used in transfusions; produced by spinning blood in a centrifuge.

73
Q

What is cryoprecipitate?

A

A blood product used in transfusions; produced by freezing the plasma and thawing it slowly.

74
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

A group of proteins; antibodies are immunoglobulins.

75
Q

What are autologous transfusions?

A

A transfusion using the patients own blood.

Human Biology ATAR (1 decks)

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