Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization

Question 1

The ________ component of an attitude consists of the degree to which the person likes or dislikes the attitude object.

Answer 1

affective

Question 2

Molly knows the history of her home city of Philadelphia. This knowledge of Philadelphia is the ________ component of her attitude toward her city.

Answer 2

cognitive

Question 3

When researchers use a Likert scale to assess participants’ attitudes, they:

Answer 3

ask participants to use numbers to indicate the extent to which they agree with a particular statement.

Question 4

Who would have longer response latencies to a question about their attitude toward strawberry ice cream?

Answer 4

Maria would have a longer response latency than Jamal.

Question 5

A(n) ________ is an evaluation of an object in a positive or negative fashion.

Answer 5

attitude

Question 6

Researchers should make use of ________ when assessing attitudes that people may be unwilling or unable to report.

Answer 6

implicit measures

Question 7

According to what you learned in this chapter, ________ attitudes tend to be stronger than ________ attitudes.

Answer 7

negative; positive

Question 8

According to research by Wilson and colleagues, why might introspecting about the reasons for an attitude decrease the association between the attitude and behavior?

Answer 8

Introspection misleads us about our ‘real’ attitudes.

Question 9

Luisa just made a dentist appointment. This example best illustrates that:

Answer 9

if the components of an attitude are inconsistent, attitudes may not predict behavior.

Question 10

LaPiere’s study introduced an important point, namely, that the effect of ________ than people think.

Answer 10

attitudes on behavior is weaker

Question 11

Which group better predicted current relationship status in Wilson’s study?

Answer 11

The attitudes of Group 1 participants better predicted current relationship status than the attitudes of Group 2 participants.

Question 12

Under which condition is introspecting about why Candice likes action films likely to WEAKEN the association between her attitude and intention to see an action film?

Answer 12

The basis for the attitude is largely affective.

Question 13

This scenario illustrates the social psychological finding that:

Answer 13

behaviors are not determined solely by attitudes.

Question 14

Attitudes do a good job predicting behavior when:

Answer 14

attitudes and behavior are measured at the same levels of specificity.

Question 15

Michelle drives much faster than normal after watching a film. This example best illustrates that:

Answer 15

behavior can be automatic, primed by features in our environment.

Question 16

Quan often forgets to use a car seat when taking his toddler to day care. What does this illustrate about the relationship between attitudes and behavior?

Answer 16

Attitudes are sometimes poor predictors of behavior.

Question 17

Which of the following pairs of questions best satisfies the criterion of measuring attitudes and behavior at the same level of specificity?

Answer 17

‘How much do you want to buy an iPod within the next two years?’ and ‘Have you bought an iPod in the last two years?’

Question 18

You choose not to talk to your friend during class because you’re worried about being noticed. This illustrates that:

Answer 18

powerful social norms can override the influence of attitude on behavior.

Question 19

Which study best supports Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory?

Answer 19

a study showing that people express more confidence in a bet right after making it than they do right before making it.

Question 20

According to research on cognitive dissonance theory, people betting on horses at the racetrack should feel ________ after placing their bets than before placing their bets.

Answer 20

more confident

Question 21

Results from Kitayama’s investigation showed that the poster manipulation ________ cognitive dissonance for ________ participants.

Answer 21

amplified; Japanese

Question 22

Festinger and Carlsmith’s study showed that participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment. What was the experiment?

Answer 22

turning pegs on a pegboard one quarter turn at a time.

Question 23

In a study with children and toys, results showed that children in the ‘mild threat’ condition tended to view the toy less favorably than children in the ‘severe threat’ condition.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Claude Steele’s research suggests that people given the opportunity to engage in ________ are ________ likely to experience cognitive dissonance.

Answer 24

self-affirmation; less

Question 25

According to the concept of effort justification, experiencing hazing should increase one's allegiance to a fraternity.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

According to cognitive dissonance theory, trying again should ________ how much you value the outcome of your efforts.

Answer 26

increase

Question 27

What does cognitive dissonance theory predict will happen to consumers who participate and write a testimonial about a product?

Answer 27

They will come to hold more positive attitudes toward the product.

Question 28

Getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate one's core values should:

Answer 28

not produce much dissonance.

Question 29

After doing poorly on his biology exam, Jim reminds himself that he is a good artist and a loving boyfriend. Thus, Jim is using ________ to cope with a potential threat to his self-esteem.

Answer 29

self-affirmation

Question 30

What should one's values not produce?

Answer 30

Much dissonance.

Question 31

How does Jim cope with a potential threat to his self-esteem after doing poorly on his biology exam?

Answer 31

He uses self-affirmation.

Question 32

If engaging in a behavior inconsistent with an attitude when alone, how likely are East Asians to experience cognitive dissonance compared to Westerners?

Answer 32

Less likely.

Question 33

Why would Laureano experience increased dissonance after buying a Nissan instead of a Honda?

Answer 33

The behavior was freely chosen.

Question 34

What emotional state may Jeff experience due to the inconsistency between his attitudes and behavior?

Answer 34

Cognitive dissonance.

Question 35

What should you use to influence someone else's attitudes effectively?

Answer 35

The smallest amount of incentive necessary to induce compliance.

Question 36

When is Carol more likely to experience dissonance than Tanja?

Answer 36

When choosing between two pairs of shoes as a gift for her mother.

Question 37

What are theories that emphasize uniformity between attitudes and behavior called?

Answer 37

Cognitive consistency theories.

Question 38

What do childless people suggest parents put a lot of energy into to decrease cognitive dissonance?

Answer 38

Effort justification.

Question 39

What does induced compliance refer to?

Answer 39

Behavior inconsistent with one's beliefs, attitudes, or values.

Question 40

What triggers processes of rationalization that make us comfortable with hard decisions?

Answer 40

Negative emotion.

Question 41

What must Mark engage in to resolve the tension after buying a video game?

Answer 41

Dissonance reduction.

Question 42

What is self-affirmation, and how does it affect cognitive dissonance?

Answer 42

It decreases the experience of cognitive dissonance.

Question 43

When are self-perception processes most likely to occur?

Answer 43

When prior attitudes are weak.

Question 44

When are self-perception processes likely to be invoked according to Daryl Bem?

Answer 44

When behavior is inconsistent with attitudes that are relatively vague.

Question 45

What did Daryl Bem ask participants to do to learn about self-perception processes in cognitive dissonance experiments?

Answer 45

Predict the attitude of the person depicted in a detailed description of a dissonance experiment.

Question 46

What does the quote 'How do I know what I think until I hear what I say?' capture?

Answer 46

The essence of self-perception theory.

Question 47

What is the overjustification effect as demonstrated by Katerina's experience?

Answer 47

She decides she does not love books as much due to rewards.

Question 48

How do cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory differ?

Answer 48

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests people change attitudes due to dissonance, while self-perception theory suggests they infer attitudes from behaviors.

Question 49

What effect does pretending to be happy have on Lenora's internal state?

Answer 49

It can actually make her feel happier.

Question 50

Why does George start to like biology more while studying with music?

Answer 50

His nonverbal head nods to the music were an indication of approval he associated with the subject.

Question 51

What did Cacioppo's research on arm movements and attitudes reveal?

Answer 51

Participants had more favorable attitudes toward characters viewed while flexing an arm toward.

Question 52

According to Daryl Bem's self-perception theory, how do people infer their attitudes?

Answer 52

From their behaviors and the context in which these behaviors occur.

Question 53

What influences our attitudes according to self-perception theory?

Answer 53

Inference processes about our behaviors.

Question 54

What theory explains why Lucy's family does not endorse changes for better health insurance?

Answer 54

System-justification theory.

Question 55

Why is it beneficial for incumbent politicians to campaign for safety and security?

Answer 55

It helps people maintain the status quo, particularly when their own mortalities are made salient.

Question 56

How will Bradley evaluate a political ad after a near-miss accident?

Answer 56

He will reject the candidate more emphatically.

Question 57

What theory states that people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical setup as fair?

Answer 57

System justification theory.