Chapter 7: Bone Tissue

Question 1

The study of bone

Answer 1

Osteology

Question 2

The functions of the skeleton

Answer 2

Support
Protection
Movement
Electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Blood formation

Question 3

Connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals

Answer 3

Osseous tissue

Question 4

The hardening process of osseous tissue

Answer 4

Calcification

Question 5

Thin, curved plates; most of the cranial bones, the sternum, scapula, ribs, hip bones, etc.

Answer 5

Flat bones

Question 6

The most important bones in body movement; the humerus, radium, ulna, femur, tibia, etc.

Answer 6

Long bones

Question 7

Approximately equal in length and width, produce relatively limited gliding movements; contained in the wrist and ankles, the patella, etc.

Answer 7

Short bones

Question 8

Bones that do not fit into the other categories: flat, long, or short; the vertebrae, three middle-ear bones, etc.

Answer 8

Irregular bones

Question 9

Outer shell of dense white osseous tissue

Answer 9

Compact bone

Question 10

The cavity that contains bone marrow

Answer 10

Medullary cavity or Marrow cavity

Question 11

Loosely organized form of osseous tissue

Answer 11

Spongy bone

Question 12

The shaft of long bone

Answer 12

Diaphysis

Question 13

The expanded head of long bone

Answer 13

Epiphysis

Question 14

The layer of hyaline cartilage where the joint surface of one bone meets the other

Answer 14

Articular cartilage

Question 15

Minute holes where blood vessels penetrate into the bone

Answer 15

Nutrient foramina

Question 16

The external sheath covering the bone

Answer 16

Periosteum

Question 17

Some collagen fibers of the outer layer penetrate into the bone matrix as _________ .

Answer 17

Perforating fibers

Question 18

A thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity, covers all the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone, and lines the canal system of compact bone

Answer 18

Endosteum

Question 19

Separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphsysis in children and adolescents

Answer 19

Epiphyseal

Question 20

The spongy layer in the cranium

Answer 20

Diploe

Question 21

Stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other bone cell types

Answer 21

Osteogenic cells

Question 22

Bone-forming cells

Answer 22

Osteoblasts

Question 23

Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited

Answer 23

Osteocytes

Question 24

Bone-dissolving cells on the bone surfaces

Answer 24

Osteoclasts

Question 25

Tiny cavities in bone tissue

Answer 25

Lacunae

Question 26

Slender channels that interconnect lacunae

Answer 26

Canaliculi

Question 27

A crystallized inorganic matter that composes about 85% of the matrix of osseous tissue

Answer 27

Hydroxyapatite

Question 28

Layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a central canal and connected with each other by canaliculi

Answer 28

Concentric lamellae

Question 29

Most compact bone is arranged in cylinders of tissue that surround _________ .

Answer 29

Central (Haversian) canals

Question 30

A central canal and its lamellae

Answer 30

Osteon

Question 31

Transverse or diagonal passages that join central canals

Answer 31

Perforating (Volkmann) canals

Question 32

Lattice of delicate slivers of bone in spongy bone

Answer 32

Spicules (rods or spines) and trabeculae (thin plates)

Question 33

Soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger central canals

Answer 33

Bone marrow

Question 34

Tissue that produces blood cells

Answer 34

Hemopoietic tissue

Question 35

Bone marrow that contains hemopoietic tissue

Answer 35

Red bone marrow

Question 36

Bone marrow that contains fat

Answer 36

Yellow bone marrow

Question 37

The formation of bone

Answer 37

Ossification or osteogenesis

Question 38

Produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle (collarbone)

Answer 38

Intramembranous ossification

Question 39

The process n which a bone develops from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage

Answer 39

Endochondral ossification

Question 40

Cartilage growth from within, by he multiplication of chondrocytes and deposition of new matrix in the interior

Answer 40

Interstitial growth

Question 41

The growth of bone in diameter and thickness; the deposition of new tissue at the surface

Answer 41

Appositional growth

Question 42

States that the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand those stresses

Answer 42

Wolff's law of bone

Question 43

A crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and desposited in bone tissue, mainly as needlelike crystals of hydroxyapatite

Answer 43

Mineral decomposition (mineralization)

Question 44

The critical value a product of calcium and phosphate concentration in the tissue fluids must reach in order to form hydroxyapatite crystals

Answer 44

Solubility product

Question 45

Abnormal calcification of tissues; in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, etc.

Answer 45

Ectopic ossification

Question 46

A calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such as the lungs

Answer 46

Calculus

Question 47

The process of dissolving bone

Answer 47

Mineral resorption

Question 48

An enzyme secreted by the osteoclast that digest the collagen of bone matrix

Answer 48

Cathepsin K

Question 49

Calcium deficiency

Answer 49

Hypocalcemia

Question 50

The inability of the muscle to relax; sometimes caused by hypocalcemia

Answer 50

Tetany

Question 51

A blood calcium excess

Answer 51

Hypercalcemia

Question 52

A form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys

Answer 52

Calcitriol

Question 53

Secreted by C cells (clear cells) of the thyroid gland

Answer 53

Calcitonin

Question 54

When calcitonin reduces osteoclast activity, so osteoclasts liberate less calcium from the skeleton

Answer 54

Osteoclast inhibition

Question 55

When calcitonin increases the number and activity of osteoblasts, which deposit calcium into the skeleton

Answer 55

Osteoclast stimulation

Question 56

Secreted by the parathyroid glands

Answer 56

Parathyroid horomone

Question 57

The branch of medicine that deals with bone disorders

Answer 57

Orthopedics

Question 58

A break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone

Answer 58

Fracture

Question 59

A break in a bone weakened by some other disease, such as bone cancer

Answer 59

Pathological fracture

Question 60

A procedure in which bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery

Answer 60

Closed reduction

Question 61

A procedure that involves the surgical exposure of the bone and use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments

Answer 61

Open reduction