Chapter 7, Data Handling

Question 1

Data type

Answer 1

Data type are means to identify the type of data and associated operations of handling it

Question 2

Fundamental data type

Answer 2

Fundamental (atomic) data type are those that are not composed of other data type.

Question 3

What are the main data types of original C++?

Answer 3

C++ offers two types of data types:

1. Fundamental data types: These are five fundamental data types: char, int, float, double and void. 2. Derived data types: These are derived data types: array, function, pointer, reference, constant, class, structure,union and enumeration.

Question 4

What do you mean by fundamental data types? How many fundamental data types does C++ provide?

Answer 4

Fundamental data types are the data types that are not composed of any other data type.
C++ provides these five fundamental data types: char, int, float, double and void.

Question 5

The data type char is used to represent characters. Then why is it often termed as an integer type?

Answer 5

The memory implementation of char data type is in terms s of the number code. Therefore, it is said t Ito be another integer data type.

Question 6

How are the following statements in the same set different?

Answer 6

(i) The first statement stores the ASCII value of character ‘k’, whereas the second statement stores a character ‘k’.

(ii) The first statement stores the ASCII value of character ‘k’, whereas the second statement stores numeric value 75.

(iii) No difference. In constant declaration when data type is skipped, by default it is int.

Question 7

If value is an identifier of int type and is holding value 200, is the following statement correct?

Statement: char code = value;

Answer 7

This statement is syntactically correct, but there might be a loss of data. Since char can only hold values in the range -128 to 127 (for signed char) or 0 to 255 (for unsigned char), assigning value (200) to code might result in a truncated or overflowed value, depending on the implementation of char.

Question 8

What are the advantages of floating-point numbers over integers?

Answer 8

Floating-point numbers have two advantages over integers. First, they can represent values between the integers. Second, they can represent a much greater range of values.

Question 9

How many ways can a floating-point be written into?

Answer 9

A floating-point number can typically be written in two main ways:

Standard (fixed-point) notation, e.g., 123.45

Exponential (scientific) notation, e.g., 1.2345E2 or 1.2345e2

Question 10

Write 147.9205 into exponent form and 2.4901E04 into fractional form.

Answer 10

Exponent form for 147.9205: 1.479205E2 or 1.479205e2

Fractional form for 2.4901E04: 24901.0

Question 11

Suppose value is an identifier of int type having value 25. After the statement float chks = value;, what does the variable chks store?

Answer 11

The variable chks will store the floating-point representation of the integer value 25, which is 25.0.

Question 12

Why is float type preferred for real quantities? When should the type double be preferred over the shorter type float?

Answer 12

The float type is preferred for real quantities when memory usage is a concern, as it uses less memory than double. However, double is preferred when higher precision is needed, as it has a larger range and more precision due to double the number of bits compared to float.

Question 13

Why is float type preferred for real quantities? When should the type double be preferred over the shorter type float?

Answer 13

The float type is preferred for real quantities when memory usage is a concern, as it uses less memory than double. However, double is preferred when higher precision is needed, as it has a larger range and more precision due to double the number of bits compared to float.

Question 14

The data type double is another floating-point type. Then why is it treated as a distinct data type?

Answer 14

double is treated as a distinct data type because it has a greater precision and range than float. It typically uses twice the memory of float (64 bits compared to 32 bits), allowing for more precise and larger magnitude numbers.

Question 15

“The floating-point numbers should always be stored in the largest type long double because it saves us from the headache of consulting the minimal ranges these data types support.” Comment upon this statement.

Answer 15

This statement is not entirely correct. While long double provides more precision and range, it also consumes more memory, which may be unnecessary for certain applications. Using long double for every floating-point number could lead to inefficient memory use. The choice of data type should be based on the required precision and memory constraints of the application.

Question 16

What is the use of void data type?

Answer 16

The void type specifies an empty set of values. It is used as the return type for functions that do not return a value. No object of type void may be declared.

Question 17

Why does C++ have type modifiers?

Answer 17

You use a modifier to alter the meaning of the base type to fit various situations more precisely.

The list of modifiers is given below :

signed
unsigned
long
short

Question 18

What is wrong with the following C++ statement: long float x;?

Answer 18

The statement long float x; is incorrect because float does not have a long modifier. The correct data types are float, double, and long double. double can be used for higher precision, or long double for even greater precision than float.

Question 19

Using a 7-byte unit, how many different values can be represented on a computer?

Answer 19

With 7 bytes (56 bits), the number of different values that can be represented is , which is 72,057,594,037,927,936 (approximately 72 quadrillion).

Question 20

On a machine, short integer is 2 bytes long. What can be the possible size for int integer, short integer, and long integer on the same machine, keeping in mind C++ standard?

Answer 20

According to the C++ standard, the sizes may vary, but typically:

short integer: 2 bytes

int integer: 2 or 4 bytes (most commonly 4 bytes)

long integer: 4 or 8 bytes (most commonly 4 bytes, but can be 8 bytes on some systems)

Question 21

If short integer on a machine is 4 bytes long, what will be the size of unsigned short and signed short on the same machine?

Answer 21

If a short integer is 4 bytes, both unsigned short and signed short will also be 4 bytes. The unsigned and signed modifiers affect the range of values, not the storage size.

Question 22

What are the variations in char type ?
How are the variations of char type different from one another?

Answer 22

Variations in char type:

The char type in C++ can have the following variations:

Signed char: Can hold negative values.

Unsigned char: Only holds non-negative values.

Plain char: The behavior (signed or unsigned) is implementation-dependent, though it’s usually signed.

Differences:

Signed char ranges from -128 to 127 (in most systems).

Unsigned char ranges from 0 to 255.

Plain char behaves like either signed char or unsigned char depending on the compiler and system.

Question 23

What are the variations in floating point type ? How are the variations of floating point type different from one another

Answer 23

Variations in floating-point types:

C++ provides three main floating-point types:

float: Single-precision floating-point.

double: Double-precision floating-point.

long double: Extended-precision floating-point.

Differences:

float has lower precision and takes up less memory (typically 4 bytes).

double provides greater precision than float and typically takes up 8 bytes.

long double offers even more precision and size, though its size can vary (often 10, 12, or 16 bytes).

Question 24

Arrange the data types from smallest to largest:
Float, char, double,long double, short, int

Answer 24

char
short
int
float
long
double
long double

Question 25

9. Distinction between 33L and 33:

Answer 25

33L is a long integer constant, meaning it has the type long int. 33 is an integer constant, which defaults to the type int.

Question 26

Array

Answer 26

Array refer to a named list of a finite number of similar data elements

Question 27

Structure

Answer 27

A structure is a collection of variables (of different data types) Referenced under one name , providing a convenient means of keeping related information together.

Question 28

Function

Answer 28

A function is a named part of a program that can be invoked from other parts of the program as often needed.

Question 29

Pointer

Answer 29

A pointer is a variable that hold a memory address.this address is usually to he location of another variable in memory.

Question 30

Union

Answer 30

A union is a memory location that is share by two or more different variables, generally of different types at different times

Question 31

Enumeration

Answer 31

An alternative method for naming integer constants is often more convenient than coust.

Question 32

What do you understand by a class in C++? What does a structure represent in C++?

Answer 32

A class represents a group of similar objects.To represent classes in classes in c++, it offers a user defined data type called class.

Question 33

What are the similarity and different between a array and a structure?

Answer 33

1. Contiguous Memory Allocation: Both arrays and structures allocate memory in a contiguous block, though how this memory is used differs. 2. Collections of Data: Both are used to store multiple values under a single name. Differences 1. Data Type Storage: Array: Can only hold elements of the same data type. For example, an integer array holds only integers. Structure: Can hold elements of different data types. For instance, a structure can store an integer, a character, and a float together.

Question 34

What are the similarity and different between a class and a structure?

Answer 34

1. Data and Function Encapsulation: Both can store data (variables) and functions (methods) together, encapsulating data with its related behaviors. 2. Syntax and Definition: The syntax for defining a class and a structure is almost identicalDifferences 1. Default Access Specifier: Structure: Members are public by default. Class: Members are private by default. 2. Use Case Intent: Structure: Traditionally used for simpler data grouping, mainly for holding data with minimal functionality. Class: Typically used when defining more complex objects, often with encapsulated behavior and strict control over access (like private data and public methods).

Question 35

What are the similarity and different between a class and a structure?

Answer 35

1. Data and Function Encapsulation: Both can store data (variables) and functions (methods) together, encapsulating data with its related behaviors. 2. Syntax and Definition: The syntax for defining a class and a structure is almost identicalDifferences 1. Default Access Specifier: Structure: Members are public by default. Class: Members are private by default. 2. Use Case Intent: Structure: Traditionally used for simpler data grouping, mainly for holding data with minimal functionality. Class: Typically used when defining more complex objects, often with encapsulated behavior and strict control over access (like private data and public methods).

Question 36

What are the derived data type? Name the user defined data type in c++.

Answer 36

These are the data types that are composed of fundamental data types. These are : array, function, pointer, reference, constant,class, structure,union and enumeration

Question 37

What is a variable? In c++, two values are associated with a symbolic variable.what are these?

Answer 37

A variable is a named storage location that can hold any data values.A variable has two associated values: 1 rvalue which is its data value i.e. ite contacts. 2 lvalue which is its location value i.e. memory address.

Question 38

What is a variable? In c++, two values are associated with a symbolic variable.what are these?

Answer 38

A variable is a named storage location that can hold any data values.A variable has two associated values: 1 rvalue which is its data value i.e. ite contacts. 2 lvalue which is its location value i.e. memory address.

Question 39

Why is a variable called symbolic variable?

Answer 39

There are two values associated with a symbolic variable: Its data value, stored at some location in memory. This is sometimes referred to as a variable's rvalue (pronounced "are-value"). Its location value; that is, the address in memory at which its data value is stored. This is sometimes referred to as a variable's lvalue (pronounced "el-value").

Question 40

Write declarations for:

Answer 40

(i) A pointer to a character: char *ptr; (ii) An array of 10 integers: int arr[10]; (iii) A reference to a floating-point variable: float &ref = var; (assuming var is a previously defined float variable) (iv) A constant character: const char ch = 'A'; (v) A constant integer: const int num = 10;

Question 41

H

Answer 41

(i) short integer with the value 90: short s = 90; (ii) unsigned int integer with the value 31240: unsigned int ui = 31240; (iii) An integer with the value 3000000000: long long int largeInt = 3000000000; (since 3000000000 is too large for a regular int)