Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, Social Control

Question 1

conflict theory

Answer 1

a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance

Question 2

control theory

Answer 2

a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

Question 3

corporate crime

Answer 3

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

Question 3

criminal justice system

Answer 3

an organization that exists to enforce a legal code

Question 4

corrections system

Answer 4

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses

Question 4

deviance

Answer 4

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

Question 5

court

Answer 5

a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

Question 6

crime

Answer 6

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

Question 7

master status

Answer 7

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

Question 7

cultural deviance theory

Answer 7

a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime

Question 7

informal sanctions

Answer 7

sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions

Question 8

labeling theory

Answer 8

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

Question 8

differential association theory

Answer 8

a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

Question 8

hate crimes

Answer 8

attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics

Question 9

legal codes

Answer 9

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

Question 9

formal sanctions

Answer 9

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

Question 10

negative sanctions

Answer 10

punishments for violating norms

Question 10

nonviolent crimes

Answer 10

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

Question 11

primary deviance

Answer 11

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others

Question 11

police

Answer 11

a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level

Question 12

power elite

Answer 12

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

Question 13

positive sanctions

Answer 13

rewards given for conforming to norms

Question 13

social order

Answer 13

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives

Question 14

sanctions

Answer 14

the means of enforcing rules

Question 14

secondary deviance

Answer 14

deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

Question 15

self-report study

Answer 15

a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews

Question 15

strain theory

Answer 15

a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

Question 16

social control

Answer 16

the regulation and enforcement of norms

Question 17

social disorganization theory

Answer 17

a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

Question 18

street crime

Answer 18

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces

Question 19

victimless crime

Answer 19

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

Question 20

violent crimes

Answer 20

crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force