Chapter 7 - Ethics And Ownership

Question 1

Piracy

Answer 1

Practice of using/making illegal copies of for example software

Question 2

Product key

Answer 2

Security method used in software to protect against illegal copies/use

Question 3

DRM

Answer 3

Digital Rights Management
Used to control the access to copyrighted material.
Uses protection software to help stop the copying of different online things. Creates restrictions that control what users can do with the data. Product protected by DRM may come with a key which licenses a single user on one device and this key must be registered.

Question 4

Free Software Foundation

Answer 4

Organisation promoting the free distribution of software, giving users the freedom to run, copy, change or adapt the coding as needed

Question 5

Open Source Initiative

Answer 5

Organisation offering the same freedoms as the Free Software Foundation, but with more of a focus on the practical consequences of the four shared rules, such as more collaborative software development

Question 6

Freeware

Answer 6

Software that can be downloaded free of charge but is covered by the usual copyright laws and cannot be modified nor used for another purpose

Question 7

Shareware

Answer 7

Software with a free trial period. The user will then be required to pay a free to be registered with the originator of the software (free updates and help are provided). Trial version is often lacks features that only become available once the fee is paid. Software is protected by copyright laws and users must not use the source code in their own software without permission

Question 8

Morality

Answer 8

Understanding of the difference between right and wrong, often founded in personal beliefs

Question 9

Ethics

Answer 9

Moral principles governing an individual’s or organisation’s behaviour, such as code of conduct

Question 10

Culture

Answer 10

The attitudes, values and practices shared by a group of people/society

Question 11

Intellectual property rights

Answer 11

Rules governing an individual’s ownership of their own creation or ideas, prohibiting the copying of eg. Software without the owner’s permission

Question 12

Privacy

Answer 12

The right to keep personal information and data secrecy and for it not to be unwillingly accessed or shared through, for example, hacking

Question 13

Plagiarism

Answer 13

Act of taking another person’s work and claiming it as one’s own

Question 14

BCS

Answer 14

British computer society
Initially set up in the UK to represent the rights and ethical practices of all professionals working in the IT and computing industries. Now an international body which works in close partnerships with other groups to monitor and advise IT practices across the globe

Question 15

IEEE

Answer 15

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Question 16

ACM

Answer 16

Association for Computing Machinery

Question 17

Legal

Answer 17

Covers the law, whether or not an action is punishable by law

Question 18

IEEE aims (3)

Answer 18

Raising awareness of ethical issues
Promoting ethical behaviour among professionals working in the electronics industry
Ensuring engineers and scientists respect the need for ethical behaviour

Question 19

Areas covered by BCS code of conduct (4)

Answer 19

Public interest
Professional Competence and Integrity
Duty to Relevant Authority
Duty to the profession

Question 20

Professional ethical bodies (3)

Answer 20

BCS
IEEE
ACM

Question 21

Factors considered with computer ethics (3)

Answer 21

Intellectual property rights
Privacy issues
Effect of computers of society(job losses, social impacts etc.)

Question 22

Unethical behavior

Answer 22

The breaking of a code of conduct

Question 23

IEEE code of ethics commitments (5)

Answer 23

To avoid conflicts of interests wherever possible
To be honest and realistic in claims/estimates based on available data
To reject bribery in all forms
To treat all persons fairly without discrimination
To avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false/malicious action

Question 24

Software Engineering code of ethics principles (8)

Answer 24

Public
Client and employer
Product
Judgement
Management
Profession
Colleagues
Self

(Pursue Creative Positive Journeys Making Powerful Choices Sustainably)

Question 25

general public things to consider when software/hardware is being developed (4)

Answer 25

Concerns of the public Benefits to the public Health & safety concerns Public interest

Question 26

Issues which can affect the general public and businesses concerning software/hardware (5)

Answer 26

Companies selling software systems which don’t meet the required standard for security The covering up of security issues Realising private data Social media not policing subversive activities such as hate mail and cyber bullying Search engines giving results at the top of the search due to donations to search engine operators

Question 27

Software engineering code of ethics (8)

Answer 27

Public Client and employer Product Judgement Management Profession Colleagues Self

Question 28

Public explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics

Answer 28

Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest

Question 29

Client and employer explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics

Answer 29

Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of their client and employer consistent with the public interest

Question 30

Product explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics

Answer 30

Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest professional standards possible

Question 31

Judgement explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics

Answer 31

Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgement

Question 32

Management explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics

Answer 32

Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and maintenance

Question 33

Profession explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics

Answer 33

Software engineering managers and leaders shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession consistent with the public interest

Question 34

Colleagues explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics

Answer 34

Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues

Question 35

Self explanation from Software Engineering Code of Ethics

Answer 35

Software engineers shall participate in life-long learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession

Question 36

Laws when purchasing software (5)

Answer 36

Illegal to make a copy and sell/give it away Software can’t be used on a network/ on multiple computers without a multi-use license Illegal to use coding from copyrighted software as your own without permission from the copyright holder Illegal to rent out a software package without permission Illegal to use the name of copyrighted software on other software without an agreement

Question 37

Steps to stop illegal copying of software (5)

Answer 37

When installing software the user is asked to key in a unique reference no./primary key (supplied with original copy of software) User will be asked to click a button/box stating they agree to license agreement before software installs Original software packaging often with sticker informing purchasers that it is illegal to make copies (often a hologram) Software will only run if the CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, or memory stick is in the drive (stops illegal multiple use & network use of the software Software will only run if a dongle is plugged into one of the USB ports

Question 38

Commercial software

Answer 38

Available to customers for a fee, providing a license for one genuine copy to be used on a single device, or multi-use license for multiple users. Occasionally software is offered free of charge if an earlier version was bought by the user. This type of software is fully copyright-protected and none of the code can be used without prior consent

Question 39

Freedoms users are allowed to follow with free software and open source foundation (4)

Answer 39

Run software for any legal purpose they wish Study the program source code and modify it where necessary to meet their needs Redistribute copies of the software to friends and family Distribute code modified by the user to friends and family

Question 40

Rules users must adhere to with free software and open source initiative (4)

Answer 40

Add source code from another piece of software unless this is also described as free software or open source software Use the source code to produce software which copies existing software which is subject to copyright laws Adapt the source code in such a way that it infringes copyright laws protecting other software Use the source code to produce software which is deemed offensive by third parties

Question 41

Basic philosophy of free software foundation

Answer 41

Focuses on what the recipient of the software is permitted to do with the software

Question 42

Basic philosophies of Open Source Initiative (10)

Answer 42

Free distribution Source code Derived works Integrity of the Author’s source code No discrimination against person or groups No discrimination against fields of endeavour Distribution of licence License must not be specific to a product License must not restrict other software Licence must be technology neutral

Question 43

What users cannot do with free software and open source initiative (4)

Answer 43

Add source code from other software unless also described as free software/open source software Use source code to produce software that copies existing software which is subject to copyright laws Adapt the source code in such a way that it infringes copyright laws protecting other software Use source code to product software which is deemed offensive by third parties

Question 45

Free distribution philosophy of Open Source Initiative

Answer 45

License shouldn’t restrict anyone from selling/giving away the software as a part of a software package that includes programs from different sources. The license shouldn’t require any royalties or fees.

Question 47

Source code philosophy of Open Source Initiative

Answer 47

Program must include source code and allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form

Question 48

Derived works philosophy of Open Source Initiative

Answer 48

License must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software

Question 49

Integrity of the author’s source code philosophy of Open Source Initiative

Answer 49

The license may limit sharing modified source code unless it allows patch files to help make changes. It must clearly allow sharing the modified software. The license might also require the modified version to have a different name or version number.

Question 50

No discrimination against persons or groups philosophy of Open Source Initiative

Answer 50

The license must not discriminate against any group or persons

Question 51

No discrimination against fields of endeavour philosophy of Open Source Initiative

Answer 51

License must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavour (eg. used in a business or for genetic research)

Question 52

Distribution of license philosophy of Open Source Initiative

Answer 52

The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties

Question 54

License must not be specific to a product philosophy of Open Source Initiative

Answer 54

The rights for the program shouldn't depend on it being part of a specific software package. If the program is taken out of that package and used or shared under its license, everyone who gets it should have the same rights as the original software distribution.