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Nutrition > Chapter 7: fluid & electrolyte balance > Flashcards

Chapter 7: fluid & electrolyte balance Flashcards

1
Q

what should you do preserve vitamins inside food?

A

minimize contact with water, reduce heat, limit light, avoid air, ban basics

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2
Q

do younger people or older people have more body fluid?

A

younger people (more lean tissue)

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3
Q

do males or females have more body fluid?`

A

males

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4
Q

what is the function of fluids?

A

protect & lubricate our tissues: brain, spinal column, joints, fetus, GI tract, lungs

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5
Q

what is body fluid made up of?

A

water & electrolytes (charged ion)

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6
Q

what is the role of water in transporting substances?

A

water is an excellent solvent, so it can transport ions, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals to cells

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7
Q

high blood volumes causes what?

A

hypertension (high blood pressure)

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8
Q

low blood volume causes what?

A

hypotension (low blood pressure)

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9
Q

fluid accounts for what component of blood?

A

blood volume

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10
Q

how does water maintain body temperature?

A

1) water has a high heat capacity, meaning it takes a lot of energy to raise water temperature so the temp of our body fluids remains stable
2) evaporative cooling: sweating (heat is transported from the body core through the bloodstream to skin’s surface)

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11
Q

what are the functions of electrolytes?

A

enable our nerves to respond to stimuli and signal our muscles to contract (movement of Ca2+ into a muscle cell stimulates contraction)

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12
Q

what does normal cell function depend on?

A

proper fluid and electrolyte balance

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13
Q

how does water move in the body?

A

it follows solutes and it moves freely across membranes

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14
Q

what are the stimuli for the thirst mechanism?

A

increased [salt] or [solutes] in blood, decreased BV and BP, dry mouth or throat

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15
Q

what brain region initiates the thirst mechanism?

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

what are the pitfalls of the thirst mechanism?

A

it may not be sufficient; it turns on a bit late and off a bit early

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17
Q

what are the ways in which water is lost from the body?

A

urine, feces, sweat, evaporation, exhalation

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18
Q

what are the ways in which water enters the body?

A

beverages, food, metabolic reactions

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19
Q

what is the recommended intake of water for males?

A

3.7 L (3.0 L as beverages)

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20
Q

what is the recommended intake of water for females?

A

2.7 L (2.2 L as beverages)

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21
Q

what does the recommended intake of water vary with?

A

age, size, health status, environment, activity level

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22
Q

what happens if you drink too much water?

A

hyponatremia, water intoxication

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23
Q

what happens if you don’t drink enough water?

A

dehydration, infants and elderly are especially vulnerable

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24
Q

what are the functions of sodium?

A

fluid & electrolyte balance, associated with blood pressure and pH balance in the body, required for nerve impulse transmission, assists in the transport of certain nutrients (e.g. glucose) into body cells

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25
Q

what is the AI for sodium?

A

1500 mg/day

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26
Q

what is the RDI of sodium?

A

less than 2300 mg/day is recommended

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27
Q

how much sodium does the average American consume?

A

more than the RDI, 3400 mg/day

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28
Q

what populations must pay special attention to sodium intake?

A

hypertension, chronic heart failure, kidney disease, osteoporosis

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29
Q

sources of sodium

A

salt shaker, processed foods, restaurants, natural sources

30
Q

hypernatremia

A

abnormally high blood sodium concentration

31
Q

what can result from eating too much sodium?

A

hypertension or hypernatremia

32
Q

who is at risk for hypertension when eating too much sodium?

A

some individuals who eat low K+

33
Q

who is at risk for hypernatremia?

A

patients with chronic heart failure, kidney disease (cannot excrete sodium)

34
Q

what does hypernatremia result in?

A

high BV, edema, and high BP

35
Q

hyponatremia

A

abnormally low blood sodium level

36
Q

what causes hyponatremia?

A

prolonged vomiting, diarrhea or sweating

37
Q

symptoms of hyponatremia

A

dizziness, fatigue, nausea, muscle cramps

38
Q

exercise-associated hyponatremia

A

occurs in distance athletes who consumer too much water and fail to replace sodium

39
Q

what are the functions of potassium?

A

fluid and electrolyte balance, pH balance, important in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses

40
Q

what does high K+ intake help maintain?

A

lower blood pressure

41
Q

do most americans consume enough potassium?

A

no

42
Q

RDI for potassium for females

A

2600 mg/day

43
Q

RDI for potassium for males

A

3400 mg/day

44
Q

sources of potassium

A

fresh fruit, vegetables, whole grains

45
Q

hyperkalemia

A

high blood K+ levels

46
Q

who is at risk for hyperkalemia?

A

patients with kidney disease

47
Q

what can hyperkalemia result in?

A

alter normal heart rhythm, resulting in heart attack

48
Q

what should those at risk for hyperkalemia avoid?

A

salt substitutes

49
Q

hypokalemia

A

low blood K+ levels

50
Q

who is at risk for hypokalemia?

A

patients with kidney disease or diabetic acidosis

51
Q

what may cause hypokalemia?

A

when taking certain diuretic medications, illness, dehydration, laxative or alcohol use

52
Q

symptoms of hypokalemia

A

confusion, appetite loss, weakness, heart arrhythmia

53
Q

functions of chloride

A

assists with maintaining fluid balance and component of HCl in stomach

54
Q

source of chloride

A

salt (NaCl)

55
Q

functions of phosphorus

A

required for fluid balance and critical role in bone formation

56
Q

source of phosphorus

A

widespread in many foods (high amounts in protein-containing foods- meat, milk, eggs)

57
Q

what defines dehydration? who is at greater risk?

A

water loss > water intake; infants and elderly at greater risk

58
Q

what causes dehydration?

A

heavy exercise, high environmental temperatures, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, burns, poorly controlled diabetes, abuse of diuretics or laxatives

59
Q

what should you do to prevent fluid loss from exercise?

A

weigh yourself before and after exercise; replace 1.5x the water weight that was lost

60
Q

how fast does heat acclimatization occur? what does this lead to?

A

1-2 weeks
better drinking practices, body holds onto water and salt -> increases BV so that the heart pumps more blood at a lower HR

61
Q

how do heat-fit athletes sweat compared to others?

A

sweat sooner and more, also sweat over a wider body area

62
Q

what are heat cramps and what are they caused by?

A

cramps that develop during intense activity in the heat, caused by fluid and electrolyte imbalances

63
Q

symptoms of heat cramps

A

painful muscle cramps (abdomen, arms, legs) spasms can last seconds or minutes

64
Q

treatment of heat cramps

A

stop activity immediately, cool down, and rest

65
Q

what is heat exhaustion caused by?

A

occurs from intense activity in the heat or after several days in the high heat when fluid intake is inadequate

66
Q

symptoms of heat exhaustion

A

thirst, cramps, weakness, vomiting, dizziness, elevated BP and pulse, sweating heavily and cool skin

67
Q

treatment of heat exhaustion

A

prompt cooling and fluid intake to prevent heatstroke from developing

68
Q

when does heatstroke occur?

A

when the body’s temperature regulation mechanisms fail, occurs in hot, humid environments

69
Q

symptoms of heatstroke

A

rapid pulse, high body temp (>105F), weakness, disorientation, hot & dry skin

70
Q

treatment of heatstroke

A

immediate cooling, rest, sports drink, contact emergency medical help quickly

Nutrition (7 decks)

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