Chapter 7: Hormones of Endocrine System

Question 1

Releasing and inhibiting factors

Answer 1

Peptide
Hypothalamus
TO: anterior pituitary
Effect: modify activity

Question 2

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 2

Peptide
Anterior pituitary
Effect: ↑ bone + muscle growth, ↑ cell turnover rate

Question 3

Prolactin

Answer 3

Peptide
Anterior pituitary
TO: mammary gland
Effect: milk production

Question 4

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 4

Peptide
Anterior pituitary; tropic
TO: thyroid
Effect: ↑ synthesis + release of TH

Question 5

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 5

Peptide
Anterior pituitary; tropic
Effect: ↑ growth + secretory activity of adrenal cortex

Question 6

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 6

Peptide
Anterior pituitary; gonadotropic
TO: ovary; testes
Effect: ovulation; testosterone synthesis

Question 7

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 7

Peptide
Anterior pituitary; gonadotropic
TO: ovary; testes
Effect: follicle development; spermatogenesis

Question 8

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)

Answer 8

Peptide
Posterior pituitary
TO: kidney
Effect: water retention

Question 9

Oxytocin

Answer 9

Peptide
Posterior pituitary
TO: breast; uterus
Effect: milk letdown; contraction

Question 10

Thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine)

Answer 10

Modified amino acid
Thyroid
Effect: child: necessary for physical + mental development; adult: ↑ metabolic rate + temperature

Question 11

Calcitonin

Answer 11

Peptide
Thyroid; thyroid C cells
TO: bone; kidney
Effect: lowers serum [Ca2+]

Question 12

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 12

Peptide
Parathyroids
TO: bone, kidney, small intestine
Effect: raises serum [Ca2+]

Question 13

Thymosin

Answer 13

Peptide
Thymus - children only
Effect: T-cell development during childhood

Question 14

Epinephrine

Answer 14

Modified amino acid
Adrenal medulla
Effect: sympathetic stress response (rapid)

Question 15

Cortisol (“glucocorticoid”)

Answer 15

Steroid
Adrenal cortex
Effect: longer-term stress response; ↑ blood [glucose]; ↑ protein catabolism; ↓ inflammation + immunity; many others

Question 16

Aldosterone (“mineralocorticoid”)

Answer 16

Steroid
Adrenal cortex
TO: kidney
Effect: ↑ Na+ reabsorption to ↑ BP

Question 17

Sex steroids

Answer 17

Steroid
Adrenal cortex
Effect: not normally important, but an adrenal tumor can overproduce these, causing masculinization or feminization

Question 18

Insulin

Answer 18

Peptide
ß cells of endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Effect: ↓ blood [glucose]; ↑ glycogen + fat storage
-absent or ineffective in DM

Question 19

Glucagon

Answer 19

Peptide
α cells of endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Effect: ↑ blood [glucose]; ↓ glycogen + fat storage

Question 20

Somatostatin (SS)

Answer 20

Peptide
σ cells of endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Effect: inhibits many digestive processes

Question 21

Testosterone

Answer 21

Steroid
Testes
Effect: male characteristics, spermatogenesis

Question 22

Estrogen

Answer 22

Steroid
Ovaries/placenta
Effect: female characteristics, endometrial growth

Question 23

Progesterone

Answer 23

Steroid
Ovaries/placenta
Effect: endometrial secretion, pregnancy

Question 24

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Answer 24

Peptide
Heart
TO: kidney
Effect: ↑ urination to ↓ BP

Question 25

Erythropoietin

Answer 25

Peptide Kidney TO: bone marrow Effect: ↑ RBC synthesis