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Biology Exam 2 > Chapter 7: Introduction to Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Introduction to Genetics Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is true about Genetics?

A

It explains why related individuals resemble each other more than randomly chosen individuals. It is true for individuals within populations, as well as among populations within species and within species among higher taxa

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2
Q

What is a genome?

A

the entire DNA complement of a haploid cell

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3
Q

Gene

A

A discrete fundamental unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

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4
Q

Allele

A

one of the different specific forms that a gene can take

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5
Q

A genetic locus

A

A specific position along a chromosome that contains a specific gene

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

the structures that actually carry genes from cell to cell, individual to individual and generation to generation

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7
Q

Transcription

A

the information in the DNA is transferred to the messenger RNA in the nucleus

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8
Q

Translation

A

a ribosomal complex attaches to the mRNA to form a polypeptide

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9
Q

What is the main difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA stores the information that is necessary to synthesize proteins but RNA actually directly responsible for synthesizing proteins.

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10
Q

What are the two basic reproductive strategies?

A

Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction

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11
Q

What process does Asexual reproduction use?

A

Mitosis

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12
Q

What process does Sexual reproduction use?

A

Meiosis

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13
Q

Do prokaryotes experience genetic recombination, and do they exchange genetic material?

A

True

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14
Q

What is the process of binary fission?

A

1) Signal to initiate ->they need some types of internal or external signal to replicate. For example, yeast cells will not divide if they do not have enough food to support the offspring
2) DNA replication - involve the ori of replication and the ter or terminus of replication
3) Segregation of DNA -> duplication of the DNA begins in the center of the cell and ori regions move towards opposite side of the cell
4) Synthesis and apportionment of new cellular components -> ribosomes and other components of the cell are created
5) Cytokinesis -> differs between plants and animals

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15
Q

Does asexual reproduction involve both eurkaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Yes, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes engage in asexual reproduction, however, eukaryotes only do asexual reproduction sometimes

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16
Q

Somatic cells

A

nonreproductive cells of the body that have two full sets of chromosomes

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17
Q

Germ cells

A

or reproductive, sexual cells such as sperm and egg only have half of the parents DNA

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18
Q

Chromatin

A

uncoiled, uncondensed DNA complex that occurs during interphase

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19
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

It is active in the synthesis of ribosomes

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20
Q

What are the centrosomes?

A

regions near the nucleus that are associated with the formation of spindle fibers and spindle poles during mitosis. They are the organizing centers for microtubules in the cell and are the sites of synthesis and replication of microtubules
* Dont confuse them with centromeres that are the DNA region found in the middle of the chromosome where the sister chromatids are connected

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21
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

the internal scaffolding of the cell that consists of intermediate filaments, microfilments and microtubules

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22
Q

What are the three things that the cytoskeleton are made out of?

A

Microfilaments, Microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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23
Q

What does it mean that the cytoskeleton is dynamic?

A

It continues to disassemble and assemble continuously to assist in cell functioning

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24
Q

How many chromosomes does the diploid human cell have?

A

46 chromosomes

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25
What are homologous chromosomes?
chromosomes that look like one another. Approximately same length, same centromere position, and staining patterns and their genes line up approximately the same loci.
26
N=
N equals sets of two. We have 23 sets so in total we have 46 chromosomes
27
Ploidy
refers to the number of homologous chromosomes that exists for each chromosome type. refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell
28
Humans get 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father
29
Haploid
One copy of each chromosome
30
Diploid
Two copies of each chromosome
31
Remember that just because there are two sister chromatids attached; it is not two separate chromosomes. It is still considered one chromosome.
Untill those sister chromatids actually separate into two individual chromosomes
32
During what phase is DNA replicated?
The S phase
33
What is the interphase stage?
Is the stage that involves the cell synthesizing RNA, producing proteins and growing in size
34
What is the Gap 1 phase?
the cell grows and produces proteins and RNA. Cells that get stuck in this phase and do not proceed to the S phase are stuck in the G0 phase. Each chromosome acts as a single molecule of unreplicated double stranded DNA. One chromosome comes from the father and another chromosome comes from the mother.
35
What is the S phase of interphase?
This is where DNA replication takes place. Each homolog replicates itself to form sister chromatids. These chromatids are attached by proteins at the centromeres. Centrosomes will replicate
36
What is the Gap 2 phase?
the cell grows and produces proteins that are need during mitosis. Eventually receives signal to enter mitosis
37
What is mitosis?
The division of the nucleus
38
What is the mid-prophase?
- CHROMOSOMES become fully condensed! - centrosomes complete their migration to opposite poles and emanate spinde fibers that extend towards nuclear area -Kinetochores start to form at centromeres
38
What is the prometaphase stage?
-Kinetochores finish forming at the centromeres - Nuclear envelope completely breaks down and disappears - Some of the spindle fibers start to connect to kinetochores
38
What is the early prophase stage?
- nucleolus disappears - Centrosomes start to move to opposite poles - chromsomes condense
39
What is the metaphase stage?
Chromosomes start to line up at the metaphase plate
40
what is the anaphase stage?
- the chromatid become disconnected as the protein bonds between them start to degrade - In late anaphase, the chromosomes reach the poles - The poles start to move further apart as the spindle fibers lengthen
41
What is the telophase stage ?
- Nuclear envelope and nucleoli start to reform - Chromosomes decondense again into chromatin - nonkinetochore spindle fibers continue to lengthen
42
How is cytokinesis in animals?
involves the formation of a contractile ring of microfilaments that pinch off as they contract. occurs along metaphase plate
43
How is cytokinesis in plants?
occurs as vesicles that are secreted from the golgi apparatus that move along the microtubules to the middle of the cell. These vesicles contain enzymes. They eventually form a cell plate membrane which fuses with the cells outer membrane
44
What is the G1/S checkpoint?
it is the point in which the cell becomes committed to the cell cycle and the cell must be large enough and has enough energy as well as materials to divide entirely
45
What is the S-phase checkpoint?
DNA synthesis will be delayed if the DNA is damaged
46
What is the G2/M checkpoint?
The cell will not progress to mitosis unless the DNA is undamaged and intact
47
What is the M phase?
The cell will not go into anaphase in mitosis unless the chromosomes are properly aligned along the metaphase plate and the spindle fibers are attached to the kinetochores correctly
48
What are cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases?
a phosphorylating enzyme. when a specific protein cyclin binds to a CDK, the CDK becomes activated and can phosphorylate regulatory proteins. The phosphorylation of specific regulatory proteins can activate or deactivate them
49
What is a diplontic life cycle?
Diploid organism -> Meiosis -> Haploid gametes -> fertilization -> Zygote -> Mitosis -> diploid organism
50
What is alternation of generations?
Two gametes are fertilized to form a sporophyte -> produces spores through Meiosis -> spores divide mitotically to form haploid gametophyte -> Gametophyte forms gametes through mitosis
51
What is the haplontic life cycle?
Haploid gametes from diploid cell through fertilization -> this zygote undergoes meiosis to form haploid cells -> which then grow and divide mitotically to form haploid multicellular organism
52
What is mitosis?
It is the division of somatic cells. A parent cell is divided into two daughter cells with exact replicas of the DNA in two sets
53
What is Meiosis?
Cell division in germ cells which produces daughter cells with only half of the parent cells DNA
54
Remember
Mitosis is the division of one diploid cell into two separate diploid cells with no recombination of DNA. Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into two haploid cells
55
What happens during prophase 1 of Meiosis ?
- Chromosomes will condense -Nuclear envelope will disappear and break down - Sister chromatids start experiencing crossing over -
55
In what phase does crossing over occur in Meiosis?
ONLY during phase 1 of Meiosis or prophase of Meiosis 1
56
What holds together the chromosomes with two sister chromatids
The synaptonemal complex will be held together by cohesion proteins at the centromere
57
At what portion of the chromosome does DNA exchange occur during crossing over?
The Chiasmata
58
What happens in Prometaphase 1 of Meiosis ?
- Nuclear envelope completely breaks down - Microtubules start to connect to the kinetochores on the sister chromatids
59
What happens in Metaphase 1 of Meiosis?
-Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate in homologous pairs - spindles from each pole attach to one chromosome of each pair
60
What is Anaphase 1 of Meiosis?
- The homologous chromosomes are pulled by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell.
61
What happens during Telophase 1 of Meiosis and Cytokinesis 1?
- The homologous chromosomes reach opposite poles and there is a haploid complement of chromosomes at each pole -Microtubules disappear and new nuclear envelope surrounds each haploid set, chromosomes uncoil - The creation of two daughter cells happens during cytokinesis
62
How is Meiosis 1 different from Mitosis?
1) Homologous chromosomes separate in Meiosis, but sister chromatids separate in Mitosis 2) There is division of the centromere in anaphase of mitosis but not in anaphase of Meiosis 1
63
In what phase does crossing over occur in?
ONLY in Meiosis 1
64
What happens in Prophase II of Meiosis 2?
-Chromosomes begin to coil up again - new spindle forms - Centrosomes start to move to opposite poles
64
What happens in Anaphase II?
- the centromeres of the sister chromatids separate as they start moving to opposite poles -Sister chromatids are now individual chromosomes
65
What happens in Prometaphase II of Meiosis 2?
- nuclear envelope completely broke down - Spindle fibers start to connect to kinetochores on sister chromatids
65
What happens in Metaphase II?
- Chromosomes meet at metaphase plate
65
What happens in telophase 2 and Cytokinesis 2?
- Chromosomes uncoil - Creation of four daughter haploid cells from two haploid cells
66
Does synapsis of homologs occur in Mitosis ?
No, it only occurs in Meiosis. Think about how it only involves crossing over. Synapsis involves the exchange of genetic information

Biology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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