Chapter 7: Learning Part 2

Question 1

classical conditioning is a _____ form of learning that ….

Answer 1

passive, does not involve the active participation of the learning because learning is involuntary

Question 2

operant/instrumental conditioning

Answer 2

a form of associative learning whereby behaviour is modified depending on its consequences

Question 3

operant/instrumental conditioning is ________, and acts on:

Answer 3

voluntary, acts on the environment to produce specific outcomes

Question 4

law of effect

Answer 4

behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again

Question 5

behaviourism

Answer 5

a branch of psychological thought arguing that psychology should study only directly observable behaviours rather than abstract mental processes

Question 6

associate Thorndike with….

Answer 6

INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING-learning is in response to the environment, there is one thing that is “instrumental” to learning

Question 7

associate Skinner with….

Answer 7

OPERANT LEARNING-organisms exerted influence/”operated” on the environment

Question 8

operant learning is based on the fact that behaviours are followed by….

Answer 8

favourable effects or consequences that will likely be repeated

Question 9

reinforcer

Answer 9

an experience that produces an increase in a certain behaviour

Question 10

are rewards and reinforcers the same thing?

Answer 10

NO

Question 11

positive reinforcement

Answer 11

presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behaviour to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur

Question 12

negative reinforcement

Answer 12

removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur

Question 13

punishment

Answer 13

an experience that produces a decrease in a particular behaviour

Question 14

positive punishment

Answer 14

presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a specific behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated

Question 15

negative punishment

Answer 15

removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated

Question 16

primary reinforcers

Answer 16

a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding

Question 17

secondary reinforcer

Answer 17

a neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer

Question 18

primary punisher

Answer 18

a stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism

Question 19

secondary punisher

Answer 19

a stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary discomfort

Question 20

reinforcement is more effective than punishment because:

Answer 20

reinforcement changes behaviour while punishment only teaches how to avoid behaviour

Question 21

continuous

Answer 21

what occurs when behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs-results in rapid learnings but can be easily extinguished

Question 22

intermittent/partial reinforcement

Answer 22

a schedule of reinforcement where the behaviour is only followed by reinforcement some of the time- more slowly acquired but difficult to extinguish

Question 23

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 23

schedule of reinforcement that occurs after a specific number of responses

Question 24

variable ratio schedule

Answer 24

schedule of reinforcement where the number of responses required for reinforcement is unpredictable

Question 25

in a ratio schedule, reinforcement is based on:

Answer 25

the number of behavioural responses

Question 26

fixed interval schedule

Answer 26

schedule of reinforcement that occurs every time a specific time period has elapsed

Question 27

variable interval schedule

Answer 27

schedule of reinforcement that occurs after varying amounts of time

Question 28

in an interval schedule, reinforcement is based on:

Answer 28

elapsed time

Question 29

shaping

Answer 29

introducing new behaviour by reinforcing small approximations of desired behaviour

Question 30

biological constraints

Answer 30

biology plays a role in how easy/difficult a particular learning task will be for a certain species

Question 31

behaviour modification

Answer 31

a systematic approach to change behaviour using principles of operant conditioning

Question 32

learned helplessness

Answer 32

a situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts

Question 33

observational/social learning

Answer 33

learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of others, called models

Question 34

modelling

Answer 34

what occurs when an observer learns from the behaviour of another

Question 35

observational learning is not imitation because:

Answer 35

the behaviour is not necessarily repeated or imitated

Question 36

vicarious learning

Answer 36

learning that occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another's actions and then chooses to duplicate the behaviour or refrain from doing so

Question 37

mirror neurons

Answer 37

neurons fired when an animal or human performs an action or when they see another animal perform the same action

Question 38

mirror neurons is the neural basis for:

Answer 38

imitation and observational learning

Question 39

implicit learning

Answer 39

the acquisition of information without awareness (occurs without obvious reinforcement)

Question 40

spatial navigation learning

Answer 40

learning that involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space (a form of shaping)

Question 41

latent learning

Answer 41

a form of learning that is not expressed until there is reward or incentive

Question 42

latent learning demonstrates reinforcement is:

Answer 42

not necessary for learning to occur

Question 43

insight learning

Answer 43

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts