Chapter 7 Leaves

Question 1

leaf

Answer 1

(leef) a flattened, usually photosynthetic structure arranged in various ways on a stem

Question 2

primordium

Answer 2

(pry-mord′ee-um) an organ or structure (e.g., leaf, bud) at its earliest stage of development

Question 3

petiole

Answer 3

(pet′ee-ohl) the stalk of a leaf

Question 4

blade

Answer 4

(blayd) the conspicuous flattened part of a leaf (also called lamina) or seaweed

Question 5

sessile

Answer 5

(sess′uhl) without petiole or pedicel; attached directly by the base

Question 6

deciduous

Answer 6

(duh-sij′yu-wuss) shedding leaves annually

Question 7

simple leaf

Answer 7

(sim′pul leef) a leaf with the blade undivided into leaflets

Question 8

compound leaf

Answer 8

(kom′pownd leef) a leaf whose blade is divided into distinct leaflets

Question 9

pinnately compound; pinnately veined

Answer 9

(pin′ayt-lee kom′pownd; pin′ayt-lee vaynd) having leaflets or veins on both sides of a common axis (e.g., rachis, midrib) to which they are attached

Question 10

rachis

Answer 10

(ray′kiss) the axis of a pinnately compound leaf or frond extending between the lowermost leaflets or pinnae and the terminal leaflet or pinna (corresponds with the midrib of a simple leaf)

Question 11

palmately compound; palmately veined

Answer 11

(pahl′mayt-lee kom′pownd; pahl′-mayt-lee vaynd) having leaflets or principal veins radiating out from a common point

Question 12

stoma

Answer 12

(pl. stomata) (stoh′muh; pl. stoh′mah-tuh) a minute pore or opening in the epidermis of leaves, herbaceous stems, and the sporophytes of hornworts (Anthoceros); it is flanked by two guard cells that regulate its opening and closing and thus regulate gas exchange and transpiration

Question 13

transpiration

Answer 13

(trans-puh-ray′shun) loss of water in vapor form; most transpiration takes place through the stomata

Question 14

guttation

Answer 14

(guh-tay′shun) the exudation from leaves of water in liquid form due to root pressure

Question 15

node

Answer 15

(nohd) region of a stem where one or more leaves are attached

Question 16

internode

Answer 16

(in′tur-nohd) a stem region between nodes

Question 17

pinnately compound; pinnately veined

Answer 17

(pin′ayt-lee kom′pownd; pin′ayt-lee vaynd) having leaflets or veins on both sides of a common axis (e.g., rachis, midrib) to which they are attached

Question 18

palmately compound; palmately veined

Answer 18

(pahl′mayt-lee kom′pownd; pahl′-mayt-lee vaynd) having leaflets or principal veins radiating out from a common point

Question 19

midrib

Answer 19

(mid′rib) the central (main) vein of a pinnately veined leaf or leaflet

Question 20

midvein

Answer 20

(mid′vayn) primary region of vascular tissue, usually spanning the center of a leaf

Question 21

cuticle

Answer 21

(kyut′i-kul) a waxy or fatty layer of varying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cells

Question 22

cutin

Answer 22

(kyu′tin) the waxy or fatty substance of which a cuticle is composed

Question 23

mesophyll

Answer 23

(mez′uh-fil) parenchyma (chlorenchyma) tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf

Question 24

palisade mesophyll

Answer 24

(pal-uh-sayd′ mez′uh-fil) mesophyll having one or more relatively uniform rows of tightly packed, elongate, columnar parenchyma (chlorenchyma) cells beneath the upper epidermis of a leaf

Question 25

spongy mesophyll

Answer 25

(spun′jee mez′uh-fil) mesophyll having loosely arranged cells and numerous air spaces; it is generally confined to the lower part of the interior of a leaf just above the lower epidermis

Question 26

vein

Answer 26

(vayn) a term applied to any of the vascular bundles that form a branching network within leaves

Question 27

bundle sheath

Answer 27

(bun′dul sheeth) the parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma cells surrounding a vascular bundle

Question 28

epiphyte

Answer 28

An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phorophytes.

Question 29

pitcher plants

Answer 29

Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher plants are formed by specialized leaves

Question 30

sundews

Answer 30

Drosera, which is commonly known as the sundews, is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with at least 194 species. These members of the family Droseraceae lure, capture, and digest insects using stalked mucilaginous glands covering their leaf surfaces.

Question 31

abscission

Answer 31

(ab-sizh′un) the separation of leaves, flowers, and fruits from plants after the formation of an abscission zone at the base of their petioles, peduncles, and pedicels

Question 32

Young leaves are produced by leaf ______.

Answer 32

primordia

Question 33

Most dicot leaves maximize their photosynthetic capacity by having a flattened leaf _______.

Answer 33

Blade

Question 34

Petiole

Answer 34

In botany, the petiole is the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem, and is able to twist the leaf to face the sun. This gives a characteristic foliage arrangement to the plant. Outgrowths appearing on each side of the petiole in some species are called stipules.

Question 35

stipules

Answer 35

a small leaflike appendage to a leaf, typically borne in pairs at the base of the leaf stalk.

Question 36

Sessile leaves

Answer 36

sessile - a leaf whose blade is attached directly to the stem, lacking a petiole. clasping (or amplexicaul) - a sessile leaf with free bases partly or entirely surrounding the stem.

Question 37

petiole

Answer 37

the stalk that joins a leaf to a stem; leafstalk.

Question 38

The flattened portion of a leaf is called a(n)...

Answer 38

blade, lamina, or leaf blade

Question 39

All of the following that happen in the stomata on a leaf surface.

Answer 39

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the leaves where it can be taken up and used for photosynthesis. Water vapor evaporating from the interior cell surfaces diffuses out into the atmosphere.

Question 40

The region where a leaf is attached to a stem is called a(n) ______.

Answer 40

Node

Question 41

Transpiration

Answer 41

Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers. Water is necessary for plants but only a small amount of water taken up by the roots is used for growth and metabolism. The remaining 97–99.5% is lost by transpiration and guttation.

Question 42

palisade mesophyll

Answer 42

packed, barrel-shaped parenchyma cells that are typically in two layers

Question 43

spongy mesophyll

Answer 43

loosely arranged parenchyma cells with lots of air space in between

Question 44

phyllotaxy

Answer 44

arrangement of leaves on a stem

Question 45

internode

Answer 45

region between leaf attachments on a stem

Question 46

mesophyll

Answer 46

the inner tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts.

Question 47

All that happen through stomata.

Answer 47

Water vapors exits the leaves. Carbon dioxide enters leaves by diffusion.

Question 48

Which mesophyll layer consists of tightly packed, barrel-shaped cells?

Answer 48

Palisade mesophyll

Question 49

The mesophyll encompasses all the tissues between the lower and upper _____ of a leaf.

Answer 49

Epidermis

Question 50

All of the following that are functions that veins carry out in the leaf.

Answer 50

Transport sugars wherever they are needed Transport water up from the roots and stems

Question 51

The tissue between the lower and upper epidermis of a leaf is called _____

Answer 51

mesophyll

Question 52

Very large leaves produced in a region of a plant that receives little sunlight are called _____ shade leaves

Question 53

A leaf vein is a vascular _____

Answer 53

Bundle

Question 54

Which of these are adaptations of leaves to an arid environment?

Answer 54

Succulent, water-retaining leaves Sunken stomata Dense, hairy coverings

Question 55

The mesophyll in the leaves of submerged aquatic plants is not organized into distinct layers, and it has larger than normal ______.

Answer 55

air spaces

Question 56

Shade leaves

Answer 56

Shade leaves generally contain a greater mass of chlorophyll and are darker green in colour. In shade leaves, the chloroplasts move within the cells to take up a position where they will absorb the maximum light without shading other chloroplasts below them.

Question 57

Sun leaves

Answer 57

Sun leaves become thicker than shade leaves because they have a thicker cuticle and longer palisade cells, and sometimes several layers of palisade cells. The larger shade leaves provide a larger area for absorbing light energy for photosynthesis in a place where light levels are low.

Question 58

There are many types of spiny structures that can grow on plants. Which one of these is a modified leaf?

Answer 58

Spine

Question 59

There are many types of spiny structures that can grow on plants. Which one of these is a modified leaf?

Answer 59

Spine

Question 60

Plants that have sunken stomata, succulent leaves, and hairy coverings are likely native to what kind of environment?

Answer 60

Arid

Question 61

Succulent leaves

Answer 61

By definition, succulent plants are drought-resistant plants in which the leaves, stem, or roots have become more than usually fleshy by the development of water-storing tissue.

Question 62

What are some characteristics of leaves on plants that live submerged in water?

Answer 62

They have significantly less xylem than phloem. Large air spaces are found in the mesophyll. Mesophyll is not differentiated into distinct layers.

Question 63

When Dischidia plants in Australia make their modified flower-pot leaves, what kind of creature typically takes up residence in there, bringing in soil and nitrogen-rich wastes?

Answer 63

Ants

Question 64

spines

Answer 64

modified leaves in cacti and other desert plants

Question 65

thorns

Answer 65

modified stems on many species of tree such as Acacia

Question 66

prickles

Answer 66

outgrowths of the epidermis or cortex along the stem of a rose or raspberry

Question 67

Window leaves

Answer 67

Window leaves have transparent tips that allow light to penetrate for photosynthesis. Shade leaves are large leaves that grow above photosynthetic leaves that are in direct sunlight. This reduces light intensity and prevents the photosynthetic leaves from UV radiation damage. Common in Succulent plants

Question 68

plantlets

Answer 68

: a small or young plant.

Question 69

Brightly colored leaves that surround an inconspicuous true flower are called _____

Answer 69

bracts

Question 70

Bract

Answer 70

In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are often different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture.

Question 71

All insect-trapping plants are native to areas that are severely limited in what nutrient?

Answer 71

Nitrogen

Question 72

What pigments make a leaf turn from green to some other bright color at the end of its life cycle?

Answer 72

xanthophylls anthocyanins carotenes

Question 73

Insect trapping leaves

Answer 73

Flypaper traps can be active or passive and rely on sticky mucilage, either directly on the leaf surface (butterworts) or on gland-tipped hairs (sundews), to capture prey. Snap traps, such as those of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), use rapid leaf movements to actively ensnare insects.

Question 74

Abscission

Answer 74

Abscission is the shedding of various parts of an organism, such as a plant dropping a leaf, fruit, flower, or seed. In zoology, abscission is the intentional shedding of a body part, such as the shedding of a claw, husk, or the autotomy of a tail to evade a predator.

Question 75

What are some of the ways that leaves from plants are put to use by humans?

Answer 75

Dyes Shade from tree leaves can reduce home cooling costs Food Cordage

Question 76

anthocyanins

Answer 76

Anthocyanins (an-tho-SY-uh-nins) are a group of deep red, purple and blue pigments found in plants. They're part of a larger category of plant-based chemicals called flavonoids. Flavonoids are abundant in all parts of plants: fruits, seeds, shoots, flowers and leaves.

Question 77

carotenes

Answer 77

Carotene is a fat-soluble precursor of vitamin A that exists in green and yellow vegetables.

Question 78

xanthophylls

Answer 78

Xanthophylls are yellow pigments that occur widely in nature and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes. The name is from Greek xanthos and phyllon, due to their formation of the yellow band seen in early chromatography of leaf pigments.

Question 79

Desiccation

Answer 79

Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying.

Question 80

Which of these is true about cocaine?

Answer 80

Andean natives chew the leaves from which cocaine is extracted for their medicinal properties. It is illegal in the United States because of its narcotic use. It is derived from leaves of the coca plant.