Chapter 7: Mental images and propositions

Question 1

What do you call something that stands for these people of what you know about them?

Answer 1

mental representation

Question 2

what do you call the form for what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so on, in the outside world?

Answer 2

Knowledge representation

Question 3

In this approach, we try to deduce logically how people represent knowledge?

Answer 3

Rationalist approach

Question 4

what is the study of the nature, origins, and limits of human knowledge—philosophers distinguished
between two kinds of knowledge structures

Answer 4

Classic epistemology

Question 5

what are 2 kinds of knowledge structure?

Answer 5

Declarative knowledge structure and procedural knowledge structure

Question 6

refers to facts that can be stated, such
as the date of your birth, the name of your best friend, or the way a rabbit looks.

Answer 6

Declarative knowledge

Question 7

refers to knowledge of procedures that can be implemented.

Answer 7

Procedural knowledge

Question 8

what are two main sources of empirical data on knowledge representation?

Answer 8

standard laboratory experiments and neuropsychological studies

Question 9

is relatively analogous (i.e., similar) to the real world object it represents. It shows concrete attributes, such as shape and
relative size.

Answer 9

Picture

Question 10

meaning that the relationship between the word and what it represents is simply arbitrary?

Answer 10

symbolic representation

Question 11

aptly capture concrete and spatial information in a manner
analogous to whatever they represent.

Answer 11

pictures

Question 12

handily capture abstract and categorical information in a manner that is symbolic?

Answer 12

words

Question 13

is the mental representation of things that are not currently seen or sensed by
the sense organs ?

Answer 13

imagery

Question 14

Most research on imagery in cognitive psychology has focused on____________,
such as representations of objects or settings that are not presently visible to the eyes.

Answer 14

visual imagery

Question 15

We use _______ to solve problems and to answer questions involving objects

Answer 15

visual images

Question 16

What theory is when we use both pictorial and verbal codes for representing
information in our minds?

Answer 16

dual code theory

Question 17

These two codes organize information into
knowledge that can be acted on, stored somehow, and later retrieved for subsequent use.

Answer 17

dual code theory

Question 18

are analog codes?

Answer 18

mental images

Question 19

resemble the objects
they are representing?

Answer 19

Analog codes

Question 20

what is a form of knowledge representation that has been chosen arbitrarily
to stand for something that does not perceptually resemble what is being represented?

Answer 20

symbolic code

Question 21

suggests that we do not store mental representations in the form of images or mere
words?

Answer 21

Propositional theory

Question 22

We may experience our mental representations as images, but these images are__________secondary and derivative phenomena that occur as a result of other
more basic cognitive processes?

Answer 22

epiphenomena

Question 23

According to propositional theory, our mental representations (sometimes called???

Answer 23

mentalese

Question 24

is the meaning underlying a particular relationship
among concepts.

Answer 24

propositions

Question 25

who devised shorthand means?

Answer 25

logicians

Question 26

Logicians have devised a shorthand means, called _____, to express the underlying meaning of a relationship

Answer 26

predicate calculus

Question 27

This method attempts to strip away the various superficial differences in the ways we describe the deeper meaning of a proposition?

Answer 27

predicate calculus

Question 28

used to describe any kinds of relationship

Answer 28

propositions

Question 29

meaning that it can be interpreted in more than one way?

Answer 29

ambiguous figure

Question 30

are used in the studies of perception?

Answer 30

ambiguous figure

Question 31

clearly influence mental images?

Answer 31

semantic labels

Question 32

refers to individuals using about the same operations to serve about the same purposes for their respective domains.

Answer 32

functional equivalence

Question 33

This view essentially suggests that we use images rather than propositions in knowledge representation for concrete objects that can be pictured in the mind?

Answer 33

functional equivalence hypothesis

Question 34

areas that are highly involved in the processing of visual stimuli we see with our eyes ?

Answer 34

visual primary cortex

Question 35

Many people who suffer from schizophrenia experience what?

Answer 35

auditory hallucinations

Question 36

are experiences of “hearing” that occur in the absence of actual auditory stimuli

Answer 36

auditory hallucinations

Question 37

” is the result of internally generated material.

Answer 37

hearing

Question 38

involves rotationally transforming an object’s visual mental image?

Answer 38

mental rotation

Question 39

The benefits of increased familiarity also may lead to ?

Answer 39

practice effects

Question 40

In mental rotation, the ________ is activated when participants imagine manually rotating a stimulus

Answer 40

primary motor cortex

Question 41

what do we use when we zoom in object to see the details? to observe perceptual zooming

Answer 41

image scaling

Question 42

is to observe some aspects of performance during perceptual scanning?

Answer 42

image scanning

Question 43

One experiment compared mental scanning performance of participants with?

Answer 43

autism spectrum disorder

Question 44

, a person ignores half of his or her visual field

Answer 44

spatial neglect

Question 45

a person asked to imagine a scene and then describe it ignores half of the imagined scene?

Answer 45

representational neglect

Question 46

An alternative synthesis of the literature suggests that mental representations may take any of three forms: propositions, images, or mental models?

Answer 46

Johnson- Lairds Mental Models

Question 47

are knowledge structures that individuals construct to understand and explain their experiences ?

Answer 47

mental models

Question 48

refers to the use of images that represent visual characteristics such as colors and shapes.

Answer 48

visual imagery

Question 49

refers to images that represent spatial features such as depth dimensions, distances, and orientations

Answer 49

spatial imagery

Question 50

deals with the acquisition, organization, and use of knowledge about objects and actions in 2-D and 3-D space

Answer 50

spatial cognition

Question 51

are internal representations of our physical environment, particularly centering on spatial relationships?

Answer 51

cognitive maps

Question 52

earliest work on cognitive maps was done by?

Answer 52

edward tolman

Question 53

is information about particular features at a location and which may be based on both imaginal and propositional representations

Answer 53

landmark knowledge

Question 54

knowledge involves specific pathways for moving from one location to another

Answer 54

route road

Question 55

involves estimated distances between landmarks, much as they might appear on survey maps (

Answer 55

survey knowledge

Question 56

These rules of thumb are cognitive strategies termed

Answer 56

heuristics