Chapter 7 - Middle Childhood: Body and Mind

Question 1

Middle Childhood

Answer 1

Period between early childhood and early adolescence, approximately from ages 6 to 11

Question 2

How many inches or more do children grow in middle childhood?

Answer 2

2 or more inches

Question 3

There are fewer ______ ______ or _______ during middle childhood than at any other period of time.

Answer 3

fatal diseases; accidents

Question 4

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Answer 4

Person’s weight in kg divided by the square of their height in meters

Question 5

Childhood Overweight

Answer 5

In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the US CDC’s 1980 standards for children of a given age

Question 6

Childhood Obesity

Answer 6

In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the US CDC’s 1980 standards for children of a given age

Question 7

What percent of 6 to 9 year olds are obese?

Answer 7

18%

Question 8

What percent of 6 to 11 year olds are overweight?

Answer 8

32.6%

Question 9

How many genes affect weight?

Answer 9

Over 200

Question 10

2 copies of what allele increases your likelihood of becoming obese and developing diabetes?

Answer 10

FTO allele

Question 11

Pester Power

Answer 11

Middle childhood ability to get adults to do what they want

Question 12

Asthma

Answer 12

A chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing.
Signs & Symptoms: wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing

Question 13

What percent of US children ages 5 to 9 have asthma?

Answer 13

10%

Question 14

Hygiene Hypothesis

Answer 14

The immune system needs to tangle with microbes when we’re young, otherwise we have weak immunity.

Question 15

Concrete Operational Thought

Answer 15

Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions

Question 16

Classification

Answer 16

The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common

Question 17

Seriation

Answer 17

The understanding that things can be arranged in a logical series

Question 18

High scoring children have 3 sources of cognitive stimulation. What are they?

Answer 18

• their families
• preschool programs
• first grade

Question 19

During middle childhood, various parts of the brain connect to enable…

Answer 19

logic, reading, writing, and social decisions

Question 20

Reaction Time

Answer 20

The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically or cognitively.
Quickest during early adolescence.

Question 21

Selective Attention

Answer 21

The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
Improves at age 7.

Question 22

Sensory Memory (AKA Sensory Register)

Answer 22

The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed

Question 23

Working Memory

Answer 23

Component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs
- formerly called “short term memory”

Question 24

Long Term Memory

Answer 24

Component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.

Question 25

What are the memory capabilities of a child under 2?

Answer 25

Infants remember actions and routines that involve them. Memory is implicit, triggered by sights and sounds.

Question 26

What are the memory capabilities of a child from 2 to 5?

Answer 26

Words are now used to retrieve and encode memories. Explicit memory begins, although children don't yet use memory strategies. Children remember things by rote without truly understanding them.

Question 27

What are the memory capabilities of a child from 5 to 7?

Answer 27

Children realize that some things should be remembered, and they begin to use simple strategies, primarily rehearsal. With enough repetition, automatization occurs.

Question 28

What are the memory capabilities of a child from 7 to 9?

Answer 28

Children use new strategies if they're taught them. Children use visual clues and auditory hints, evidence of brain functions called the visual-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop. Children new benefit from the organizations of things to be remembered.

Question 29

What are the memory capabilities of a child from 9 to 11?

Answer 29

Memory becomes more adaptive and strategic as children become able to learn various memory techniques from teachers and other children. They can organize material themselves, developing their own memory aids.

Question 30

Knowledge Base

Answer 30

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area. Facilitated by past experience, current opportunity, and personal motivation.

Question 31

Control Processes (AKA Executive Processes)

Answer 31

Mechanisms (selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing sped, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system.

Question 32

Metacognition

Answer 32

"Thinking about thinking," or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

Question 33

Pragmatics

Answer 33

Practice use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context.

Question 34

Immersion

Answer 34

Strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually majority) language that a child is learning

Question 35

Bilingual Schooling

Answer 35

Strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language

Question 36

ESL (English as Second Language)

Answer 36

Approach to teaching English in which all children who don't speak English are placed together in an intensive course to learn basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers

Question 37

Hidden Curriculum

Answer 37

The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school.

Question 38

Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS)

Answer 38

International assessment of the math and science skills of 4th and 8th graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores aren't always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.

Question 39

Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

Answer 39

Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth graders.

Question 40

Which sex scores higher in verbal skills on the PIRLS?

Answer 40

Girls

Question 41

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Answer 41

Males and females are similar in cognition with "trivial exceptions"

Question 42

Girls have higher grades overall in _________________, but achievement dips in _______, especially in math

Answer 42

middle childhood; puberty

Question 43

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

Answer 43

US law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal education funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.

Question 44

National Assessment of Education (NAEP)

Answer 44

An ongoing and nationally representative measure of US children's achievements in reading, math, and other subjects over time. Nicknamed the "nations's report card"

Question 45

Charter School

Answer 45

Public school with its own set of standards that is funded and licensed by the state or local district in which it's located

Question 46

Private School

Answer 46

School funded by parents and sponsoring institutions. Such schools have control over admissions, hiring, and specifics of curriculum, although some regulations apply/

Question 47

Parochial School

Answer 47

Nonpublic schools organized by a religious group. The curriculum, discipline, and many instructors reflect the beliefs of the religious body, which often provides substantial financial support

Question 48

Voucher

Answer 48

A monetary commitment by the government to pay for the education of a child. Vouchers vary from place to place, not only in amount and availability, but in restrictions as to who gets them and what school accepts them. Typically, the voucher goes to whatever school the child attends.

Question 49

Homeschooling

Answer 49

Education in which the child is taught at home, usually by the parents, instead of attending any school, public or private

Question 50

Aptitude

Answer 50

The potential to master a specific skill or learn a certain body of knowledge

Question 51

IQ (Intelligence Quotient) Test:

Answer 51

Test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school. 100 = average Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100 = IQ

Question 52

Achievement Test

Answer 52

Measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, math, writing, science, or some other subject

Question 53

Flynn Effect

Answer 53

Average IQ scores of nations have risen substantially over the years

Question 54

Multiple Intelligences

Answer 54

The idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than single, all-encompassing one. Sternberg said there were 3 intelligences; Gardner said there were 7 (and added 2 more)

Question 55

Comorbid

Answer 55

Refers to the presence of 2 or more disease conditions at the same time in the same person

Question 56

Multifinality

Answer 56

Basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have multiple manifestations

Question 57

Equifinality

Answer 57

Basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes

Question 58

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)

Answer 58

Condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.

Question 59

How many more boys than girls are affected by ADHD?

Answer 59

Twices as many