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165 Nutrition And Biochemistry In Dentistry > Chapter 7 Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Minerals Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

How do we obtain minerals? What are the two groups?

A

Not made in the body so we must consume them through food.

Macro minerals and micro minerals

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2
Q

What are macro minerals?

A

Minerals needed in larger quantities (100mg or more per day)

Include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride

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3
Q

What are micro minerals?

A

Also known as trace elements, needed in no more than a few mg per day

Include iron, zinc, iodine, FLUORIDE, chromium, cobalt, manganese, selenium

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4
Q

What is the cell structure of minerals?

A

Strength and rigidity to hard structures like bone and teeth

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5
Q

Regulatory functions of minerals

A

Components of enzymes and hormones

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6
Q

Cofactors of minerals

A

A mineral unites with another compound in order for that substance to function

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7
Q

Minerals as nerve response regulators

A

Muscle contractions

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8
Q

Function of minerals in maintenance of water and acid-base balances

A

Concentrations of potassium (inside) and sodium (outside)

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9
Q

Role of pH in absorption of minerals

A

Calcium and iron are more easily absorbed in an acidic environment like the stomach and small intestine

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10
Q

What other nutrients help increase mineral absorption?

A

Lactose and vitamin C enhance vitamin/mineral absorprtion

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11
Q

What are some mineral-mineral interactions?

A

Zinc reduces copper

Calcium reduces iron

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12
Q

Minerals involved in the mineralization of hard tissues

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Fluoride
Magnesium

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13
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Form bone cells

Regulate bone mineralization

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14
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Cells within bone that help maintain it

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15
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Resorb bone by attaching to it, excavating small pits on the bone surface releasing bone, collagen and minerals into circulation

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16
Q

What is the most abundant mineral found in the body?

A

Calcium

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17
Q

Functions of calcium

A

Formation and modeling of bones and teeth

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18
Q

What are the daily requirements and UL of calcium?

A

Over 1000mg/day for adults

UL: 2.5g/day

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19
Q

Sources of calcium

A 
Milk products
Dark leafy greens
Tofu
Cabbage
Sardines
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20
Q

Calcium deficiencies

A

Insufficient intake
Milk Allergies
Malabsorption conditions

Rickets: infants
Osteomalacia: new bone fails to mineralize
Osteoporosis: Compromised bone strength due to reduced mass/quality

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21
Q

What are calcium toxicities associated with?

A

Excess vitamin D

Parathyroid or kidney diseases

Toxicity not usually seen in healthy people

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22
Q

Oral implications for calcium

A

Essential for mineralization of teeth, maxilla and mandible

Maintenance of mineralization

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23
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus?

A

Bone/teeth develpment

Major buffer

Energy metabolism

Cell structure

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24
Q

What are the daily intake requirements and upper limits for phosophorus?

Study These Flashcards
A

700mg/day intake

UL: 3-4g/day

25
Sources of phosphorus
``` Cheese/yogurt Legumes Beef/chicken Soy milk Peanut butter Milk ```
26
Phosphorus related deficiencies
No deficiencies related to healthy people Inadequate intake by people recovering from alcoholism, diabetic ketoacidosis, malnutrition
27
Toxicity issues with phosphorus
Usually only a problem for people with end-stage renal failure
28
Oral implications for phosphorus
Deficiencies related to altered dentin/enamel mineralization, resulting in hypoplasia Urge moderation of phosphorus containing beverages like cola
29
Functions of magnesium
Calcified tissues Regulatory functions Nerve transmission
30
Recommended daily intake and UL of magnesium
320-420 mg/day UL: 350mg/day supplementary
31
Sources of magnesium
Dark leafy vegetables Whole grains and Nuts "Hard" water Supplements
32
Deficiencies related to magnesium
Deficiencies from prolonged malabsorption syndromes May result in loss of appetite, nausea, hypocalcemia, muscle cramps, seizures
33
Magnesium toxicities
Not reported from food sources Pharma doses can result in diarrhea, nausea, cramping Impaires renal function
34
Oral implications for magnesium
Works w/ calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D in development and maintenance of hard tissues
35
Functions of fluoride
Increased resistance to acid demineralization Remineralization of incipient lesions Interference of formation and functioning of dental plaque microorganisms Increased rate of post-eruptive maturation Impaired tooth morphology
36
Recommended daily intake and UL of fluoride
3mg/day for women 4mg/day for men UL: 10/mg/day
37
Sources of fluoride
Natural- found in varying concentrations n all drinking water and soil Fluoridation of water--> 0.7-1.2ppm Absorbs rapidly in the stomach Soft drinks, juices, bottled H2O, tea
38
What is the fluoridation of tap water?
0.7-1.2ppm
39
Fluoride deficiencies
Increased risk for dental caries
40
Fluoride toxicity
Excess can cause fluorosis: patches in tooth enamel. Chalky white to yellow/gray, brown or black Occurs in children when fluoride concentration ingested is from 2-8mg/kg bodyweight
41
Oral implications for fluoride
Enhances tooth and bone health Increases tooth resistance to dental caries
42
Functions of iodine
Regulates basal metabolism & metabolic processing of macronutrients Necessary for normal physical & mental development
43
Daily recommended intake and UL of iodine
DRI: 150 micrograms per day (<100mg) UL: 1.1mg/day 140microgrmas/day supplementary
44
Sources of iodine
Seafood Seacoast plants Iodized salt
45
Defficiencies related to iodine
Hypothyroidism - decreased metabolic rate - Goiter
46
Toxicities related to iodine
Toxicity is rare Thyrotoxicosis occurs if protein-bound iodine concentrations exceed 20-35 micrograms/day
47
Function of iron
Component of hemoglobin - carries O2 from lungs to cells - As a cofactor for enzymes: release of energy from macronutrients. Formation of collagen. Conversion of beta carotene to preformed vitamin A
48
Daily recommended intake of iron
DRI: 8mg/day for men, 18mg/day for women
49
Sources of iron
Meats Some legumes Dietary supplements
50
Deficiencies associated with iron
``` Chronic/acute blood loss GI blood loss Insufficient intake Demand during pregnancy Lead poisoning ```
51
Toxicities associated with iron
Hemochromatosis
52
Oral implications for iron
Impaired immunity Angular chilitis: brown cracks in corners of mouth Lingual stain- black line stain
53
Functions of zinc
Structure- in proteins and DNA Supports immune system, taste and smell Growth/development Regulatory functions
54
DRI and UL of zinc
DRI: Males 8mg, females 11mg UL 40mg/day
55
Sources of zinc
Animal foods: oysters, crab, wheat cereal, beef, pork, trail mix, lamb, turkey
56
Defficiencies related to zinc
Impaired growth/repair Decreased wound healing Hair loss Skin lesions Skeletal abnormalities
57
Toxicities related to zinc
Toxicity is rare Large amounts can lead to: stomach irritation, vomiting, lack of muscle coordination, dizziness
58
Oral implications for zinc
Wound healing and new tissue formation
59
Which micro minerals have oral implications?
Iron, zinc, fluoride, iodine

165 Nutrition And Biochemistry In Dentistry (8 decks)

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