CHAPTER 7(NEW)

Question 1

………….. The study of the linguistics meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences

Answer 1

Semantics

Question 2

……………….the meaning of words and the meaning relationships among words

Answer 2

Lexical semantics

Question 3

……………..concerned with the meaning of syntactic units larger than words

Answer 3

Phrasal/Sentential semantics

Question 4

………………..the study of how context affects meaning

Answer 4

Pragmatics

Question 5

T/F Words and morphemes have meanings.

Answer 5

T

Question 6

…………………….are pieces of information of the words on which speakers of the language agree.

Answer 6

Semantic properties

Question 7

EXAMPLE of Semantic properties

Answer 7

the semantic property of ‘female’ is found in the words:Tigress, Hen, Aunt, Maiden, Woman

Question 8

T/F Words that share a semantic property are said to be in a semantic class.

Answer 8

T

Question 9

T/F Semantic properties can be represented using
semantic features, which are a formal or notational
device that indicates the presence or absence of
semantic properties by pluses or minuses

Answer 9

T

Question 10

…………………The sense of an expression is its indispensable hard core of meaning.

Answer 10

Sense

Question 11

Sense Properties

Answer 11

1- Analyticity
2- Syntheticity
3- Contradiction

Question 12

T/F The sum of sense properties and sense relates with other expressions.

Answer 12

T

Question 13

Sense property 1: Analyticity

Answer 13

The sense of an analytic sentence is necessarily true, as a result of the senses of the words in it

The sense of an expression = its sense properties + sense relations with other expressions

Question 14

…………….. is one which is not analytic, it is unclear whether true or false, depending on the way the world is.

Answer 14

synthetic sentence

Sense property 2: Syntheticity

Question 15

Syntheticity Examples:

Answer 15

✓ Ahmed is Ali’s brother.
✓ All bachelors are happy.
✓ Bachelors don’t know how to form a long-term
relationship.

Question 16

Sense property 3: Contradiction

Answer 16

The sense of a contradictory sentence is necessarily
false, As a result of the senses of the words in it

Thus it is the opposite of an analytic sentence

Question 17

Contradiction Example:

Answer 17

✓ Bachelors are married.
✓ Jellyfish are vegetables
✓ Children are adults

Question 18

Analytic vs. Contradiction

Answer 18

➢ They are opposites
➢ Analytic sentences can be formed from contradictions, and vice versa, by the insertion or removal of the negative particle word not.

➢ Example:
✓ Contradiction: This animal is a vegetable
✓ Analytic: This animal is not a vegetable

Question 19

…………..a sentence that gives a command to do something

Answer 19

Imperative sentence

Question 20

…………..a sentence that asks a question.

Answer 20

Interrogative sentence

Question 21

T/F Imperative and interrogative sentences cannot be analytic or synthetic, because they cannot be true or false.

Answer 21

T

Question 22

Imperative and Interrogative examples

Answer 22

Interrogative:
Are you a student?
Is it raining?

Imperative:
Halt!
Open the door.

Question 23

……………refers to any relation between lexical
units within the semantic system of a language

is relations of meaning between words,
expressed in synonymy, hyponymy and antonymy

can be seen from the similarity of
meaning as in synonymy, the inclusion of meaning as in
hyponymy and oppositeness of meaning as in antonymy

Answer 23

Sense Relation

Question 24

Sense relation: Similarity

Answer 24

➢ Synonymy
➢ Paraphrase
➢ Hoponymy

Question 25

...............is the relationship between two predicates that have the same sense

Answer 25

Synonymy

Question 26

T/F Perfect synonymy is hard to find because there is little reason to have two predicates with the exact same sense

Answer 26

T

Question 27

...................A sentence which expresses the same proposition as another sentence is a paraphrase of that sentence

Answer 27

Paraphrase

Question 28

Example of paraphrase

Answer 28

➢ Example: Bachelors prefer red haired girls is a paraphrase of Girls with red hair are preferred by unmarried men.

Question 29

..................The meaning of one predicate is included in the meaning of the other predicate ➢ Example: ✓ Red, crimson, scarlet ✓ The meaning of Red is included in the meaning of crimson and scarlet

Answer 29

Hyponymy

Question 30

...............A term for a whole-part relationship between lexical items.

Answer 30

Meronymy

Question 31

T/F Meronymy reflects hierarchical classifications in the lexicon. ➢ The lexicon of a language is its vocabulary

Answer 31

T

Question 32

Sense relations: Dissimilarity

Answer 32

➢ Antonymy/antonym ➢ Contradictoriness

Question 33

Antonymy: binary antonyms

Answer 33

➢ Also known as complementarity ➢ Two predicates with two totally incompatible truth values. If one is true, then the other is not ➢ If A is true, it cannot be false. ➢ Example: Alive-dead

Question 34

Antonymy: Converses

Answer 34

➢ The opposite relationship of the two predicates is not semantically absolute (i.e., not binary/ complimentary). ➢ The oppositeness is based on the relationship of the two predicates ➢ Example: Buy-sell

Question 35

Antonymy: Gradable Antonyms

Answer 35

Predicates that are at different parts of a continuous semantic scale. ➢ Example: ✓ Hot-Warm-Cold ✓ Always-Often–Sometimes-Rarely-Never

Question 36

Contradictoriness

Answer 36

A proposition is a contradictory of another proposition if it is impossible for both of them to be true at the same time ➢ Example: ✓ It is daytime. ✓ It is nighttime. Only one of the previous sentences can be true.

Question 37

Sense relations: Ambiguity

Answer 37

1- Lexical ambiguity When a word has more than one sense 2- Structural ambiguity When a sentence has two or more paraphrases.

Question 38

T/F ➢ A word/phrase is ambiguous if it has two or more synonyms that are not themselves synonyms of each other.

Answer 38

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Question 39

...............An ambiguous word whose different senses are very far apart from each other and are not related

Answer 39

Homonym Homonymy seems to be a matter of accident

Question 40

Homophones vs. Homonyms

Answer 40

➢ Homophones are simply different words with different meanings that are pronounced the same way ➢ Homonyms are different words with different history and meaning that accidentally come to have the exact same form.

Question 41

.........Words with one form having multiple meanings that are related

Answer 41

Polysemy

Question 42

T/F Multiple paraphrases of a sentence which are not paraphrases of each other.

Answer 42

T