Chapter 7: Organic chemistry

Question 1

What is the functional group?

Answer 1

The atoms in a molecule which give it its chemical reactivity (e.g. C=C)

Question 2

What is a homologous series?

Answer 2

A series of molecules with the same functional group but where each successive member differs by a CH2 unit

Question 3

What is are the prefixes for members of homologous series?

Answer 3

1 x Carbon= Meth-, 2= Eth-, 3= Prop- 4=But-

Question 4

What is the functional group for alkanes?

Answer 4

They don’t have one

Question 5

What is the functional group for alkenes?

Answer 5

C=C

Question 6

What is the functional group for alcohols?

Answer 6

-OH bound to a carbon

Question 7

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

Answer 7

H-O-C=O (clockwise)

Question 8

What is the functional group for esters?

Answer 8

O=C-O

Question 9

What happens when an alkene reacts with a halogen (halogenation)?

Answer 9

The C=C double bond breaks and the carbons bond to halogen atoms

Question 10

What happens when an alkene reacts with hydrogen (hydrogenation)?

Answer 10

The C=C double bond breaks and each carbon gains an extra hydrogen (nickel catalyst and 150 degrees required)

Question 11

What happens when an alkene reacts with water (hydration)?

Answer 11

It turns into the equivalent alcohol (H3PO4, high pressure and high temperature required)

Question 12

What is the naming scheme for esters?

Answer 12

Xanol + Yanoic acid -> Xyl Yanoate + Water

Question 13

How do alcohols react with water?

Answer 13

Small alcohols dissolve in water to form a neutral solution

Question 14

What happens when you combust alcohols?

Answer 14

They burn readily with a clean flame, producing CO2 and H2O

Question 15

How do alcohols react with sodium?

Answer 15

They produce hydrogen

Question 16

How do alcohols react with oxygen?

Answer 16

They slowly turn into their equivalent carboxylic acid

Question 17

How do alcohols react with carboxylic acids?

Answer 17

They produce water and an ester (in the presence of an acid catalyst)

Question 18

How do carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

Answer 18

They make CO2, H2O and the CHxCOO part bonds with the calcium

Question 19

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 19

One where water is formed

Question 20

What are polymers?

Answer 20

Long chain molecules made from joining smaller molecules together

Question 21

What reactions create polymers?

Answer 21

Addition reactions, condensation reactions

Question 22

What happens during addition polymerisation?

Answer 22

The C=C double bonds break and the molecules join onto each other

Question 23

What is the naming scheme for polymers?

Answer 23

Poly + name of repeating unit

Question 24

What are amino acids?

Answer 24

Molecules that contain both a carboxylic acid functional group and an anime functional group

Question 25

What do amino acids join up to make?

Answer 25

Polypeptides

Question 26

What are proteins made of?

Answer 26

Long chains of amino acids joined together in specific sequences

Question 27

What is starch?

Answer 27

A glucose polymer (so is cellulose)

Question 28

What are polyesters?

Answer 28

Polymers made when molecules with 2 carboxylic acid functional groups react with molecules with 2 alcohol functional groups

Question 29

What are polyamides?

Answer 29

Polymers made when molecules with 2 carboxylic acid functional groups react with molecules with 2 anime functional groups (NH2)

Question 30

What happens during condensation reactions?

Answer 30

Molecules with 2 different functional groups join together and release small molecules such as water

Question 31

Explain the process of fractional distillation

Answer 31

The crude oil is heated and vaporised. It enters a fractioning tower that is cooler at the top. The hydrocarbon gas rises up the tower and condenses into different substances at different points. Hydrocarbons with small molecules are collected as liquids at the top

Question 32

Why are long alkanes in less demand?

Answer 32

They are more viscous, less flammable and burn with a smokier flame

Question 33

What is crude oil?

Answer 33

A fossil fuel found underground in rocks, formed over millions of years from the remains of sea creatures (mostly plankton)

Question 34

What are alkanes?

Answer 34

A homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons (molecules which only contain single covalent bonds)

Question 35

What is a homologous series?

Answer 35

A family of compounds all with the same general formula, the same functional group and similar chemical properties

Question 36

What is the general formula for alkanes?

Answer 36

C(n)H(2n+2)

Question 37

What is the word equation for the complete combustion of alkanes?

Answer 37

Alkane + Oxygen => Carbon dioxide + water

Question 38

What is the word equation for the incomplete combustion of alkanes?

Answer 38

Alkane + Oxygen => Carbon monoxide + water Alkane + Oxygen => Carbon + water

Question 39

As alkanes get longer, what happens to their boiling point?

Answer 39

It increases

Question 40

As alkanes get longer, what happens to their viscosity?

Answer 40

It increases

Question 41

As alkanes get longer, what happens to their flammability?

Answer 41

It decreases

Question 42

As alkanes get longer, what happens to their flame?

Answer 42

It gets smokier

Question 43

What is cracking?

Answer 43

The thermal decomposition of long alkanes into shorter alkanes and alkenes

Question 44

What is catalytic cracking?

Answer 44

Heating the alkanes to vaporise them and then passing them over a hot catalyst

Question 45

What is steam cracking?

Answer 45

Heating the alkanes to vaporise them, and then mixing them with steam and heating them to a high temperature

Question 46

What are alkenes?

Answer 46

A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons (molecules which only contain single covalent bonds)

Question 47

What is the general formula for alkenes?

Answer 47

C(n)H(2n)

Question 48

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 48

A reaction in which atoms bond to the atoms in a C=C double bond to form a saturated molecule

Question 49

How is bromine water used to check for C=C double bonds?

Answer 49

The bromine reacts with the C=C double bonds to form saturated molecules, making the usually cloudy bromine water turn clear

Question 50

What happens when an alkene reacts with oxygen?

Answer 50

It burns with smoky flames due to incomplete combustion

Question 51

What are the uses of alcohols?

Answer 51

Fuels, solvents, drinks

Question 52

What are carboxylic acids?

Answer 52

A homologous series of weak acids containing the -COOH functional group

Question 53

What are esters?

Answer 53

A homologous series of compounds containing the O=C-O functional group

Question 54

Name some synthetic condensation polymers

Answer 54

Nylon, Kevlar, terylene

Question 55

Name some natural condensation polymers

Answer 55

Starch, cellulose, proteins

Question 56

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 56

Biological molecules containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen