Are (aq) metal oxides usually acidic or basic?
basic
What phase are MOLECULAR compounds usually found in at room temp?
gas…or sometimes, liquids
How/why are (aq) metal oxides basic?
The O2- reacts with H2O to form OH- (which is attached to the metal)
CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2
Which group 1 (alkali) metal is the only one that does NOT make hydrogen peroxide with oxygen?
Li
Which way does atomic radius trend across the periodic table?
Gets bigger as you go down and to the LEFT
Which energy level (high, med, low, etc) do metals loose electrons from FIRST when they ionize/become cations?
The highest energy level
Under what circumstances does loosing an electron cause an element to ABSORP energy?
when losing the electron INCREASES the number of unpaired electrons in a given subshell OR when losing an electron results in adding electrons to a previously empty subshell with higher energy
this is energetically UNfavorable
What does it mean for an element to have a positive electron affinity value?
it means that gaining an electron is energetically UNfavorable
energy is required in order to gain this electron
Which 3 noble gases have been shown to make compounds?
Xe, Kr, and Ar
Ar you Kr(ay) Xe?!
What 3 compound can Xe make with F?
XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6
What does sulfur usually form (with other elements)?
sulfides
Why does ionization energy go DOWN as elements get bigger?
when valence electrons are farther away from the nucleus (as in an element with a large atomic radius), they are easier to remove
What’s the best/easiest way to determine if a material has metallic quality?
By the material’s first ionization energy/If the material easily becomes a cation/gives up electron(s)
Do atoms get bigger or smaller when they become anions?
bigger
Does ionization energy apply to solids, liquids, or gasses?
gasses
Is ionization energy always endothermic or always exothermic
exothermic
some amount of energy is always required to remove en electron from an element/compound endothermic
Which two group 17 halogens are allotropic elements?
oxygen and sulfur
Can an insoluble metal oxide still participate in a neutralization reaction?
Yes. If acid is present, the metal oxide can still act like a base and participate in neutralization
This is true even though the insoluble metal oxide won’t dissociate in pure water.
How does the energy level (n value) of a given electron impact it’s first ionization energy?
Electrons in higher energy levels (with higher n values) are easier to remove that electrons in lower energy levels (because the high level electrons are further away/better shielded from the attractive force of the nucleus)
What do group 7 ions usually make with metals?
ionic metal halides
What is the equation for nuclear effective charge (Zeff)?
Zeff = number of protons (Z) - number of core electrons (S)
Which is more important for the trend in ATOMIC RADIUS: up & down or left to right?
up and down
Are NON metals usually acidic or basic?
Acidic
What compound can Ar make with H and F?
HArF
What do group 1 (alkali) metals make with non-metals?
ionic compounds (like metal hydride or metal sulfide)
Why does ionization energy go up as radius goes down/gets smaller?
As the elements get smaller, their valence electrons are closer to the nucleus/more attracted to the nucleus/feel more Zeff. This makes them harder to remove
What kind of ‘oxides’ do group 1 (alkali) metals usually make with oxygen?
metal PERoxides (most of the time; like with Sodium),
metal oxides (sometimes; like with Lithium),
super peroxides (rarely, like with potassium)
Isoelectric Series
a series of ions that has the same number of electrons
Sizes of these atoms decreases with increasing nuclear charge (bc the electrons are more attracted to the nucleus)
Which way do ionization energy and electron affinity trend across the periodic table?
Get bigger as you go up and to the right
Under what circumstances does loosing an electron cause an element to release energy?
when losing the electron reduces the number of unpaired electrons in a given subshell OR when losing an electron results in the emptying of a higher subshell when losing an electron brings the atom to having a half-full shell
this is energetically favorable
Which is more important for the trend in Zeff: up & down or left to right?
left to right (bc left to right, you are adding protons but not adding additional core electrons to shield the valence electrons from the additional protons)
What does it mean for an element to be allotropic?
that the element can exist in different forms, in the same state (like 02 and O3 ozone)
How/why are (aq) NONmetal oxides acidic?
they combine with water to make acids
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
what do metal OXIDES form with acids?
salt and water
What do you call the ion that elemental oxygen becomes (for bonding)?
peroxide ion
Why is the trend in Zeff more pronounced left to right rather than up to down?
because from left to right, more protons are being added, but no new core electrons are being added to shield the valence electrons from the nucleus.
This causes the Zeff to increase
When do you need to worry about calculating/estimating Zeff with the Zeff equation?
When you’re comparing the Zeff of multiple elements or compounds and you have to consider their charges AND their sizes.
Do group 17 non-metals (halogens) tend to be alone or in compounds?
They tend to be in compounds and will bind with most metals
What phase are ionic compounds usually found in at room temp?
solid
What does it mean for an element to have a NEGATIVE electron affinity value?
it means that gaining the electron is energetically favorable; energy is released when the electron is gained
Are (aq) NONmetal oxides usually acidic or basic?
acid
Metallic Character
Tendency of an element to exhibit the properties of metals
What does oxygen usually form (with other elements)?
oxides
What do NONmetal oxides form with water?
acid (like a combination reaction)
Do atoms get bigger or smaller when they become CATions?
smaller
What do group 1 (alkali) metals make with water?
not the same thing as metal oxides
metal hydroxide (base) and H2 gas
Which way does effective nuclear charge trend across the periodic table?
Gets bigger as you go down and to the right
What do NONmetal oxides form with bases?
salt and water (like a neutralization)
NiO + 2 HNO2 = Ni(NO3)2 + H2O
What does hydrogen ion form with non-metals?
molecules/molecular compounds
What compound can Kr make with F?
KrF2
Does low first ionization energy make an atom more reactive, or less reactive?
more reactive
True or false: alkali metals only exist in nature as part of compounds
true; this is why they will always try to combine with other things…(generally, non metals, so they can form ionic compounds)
what is the symbol/charge for peroxide ion?
O2 ^2-