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PTCE > Chapter 7: Routes And Formulations > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Routes And Formulations Flashcards

1
Q

Define local effect.

A

When drug activity is at the site of administration.

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2
Q

Define systemic effect.

A

When a drug is introduced into the venous (circulatory) system and carried to the site of activity.

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3
Q

Define enteral.

A

Route of administration in which involves the alimentary tract (mouth to rectum).

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4
Q

What are the four enteral routes?

A

Oral, sublingual, buccal, and rectum.

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5
Q

Define parenteral.

A

Route of administration in which in which is outside of, or beside the alimentary tract.

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6
Q

What are examples of enteral dosage forms?

A

Oral, buccal, sublingual, and rectal.

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7
Q

What are examples of parenteral dosage forms?

A

Intraocular, intranasal, inhalation, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, and subcutaneous.

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8
Q

Define disintegration.

A

The breaking apart of a tablet into smaller pieces.

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9
Q

Define dissolution.

A

When the smaller pieces of a disintegrated tablet dissolve in a solution.

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10
Q

Define emulsions.

A

Mixture of two liquids that don’t mix together in which one liquid is dispersed through the other by using a stabilizer called an emulsifier.

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11
Q

Define sterile.

A

Free of all microorganisms.

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12
Q

Define buffer system.

A

Ingredients in a formulation designed to control the pH.

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13
Q

Define necrosis.

A

Increase in cell death.

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14
Q

What size needle gauge is needed for an intravenous injection?

A

16-20

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15
Q

What needle length is needed for an intravenous injection?

A

1-1.5”

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16
Q

What size needle gauge is needed for an intramuscular injection?

A

19-22

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17
Q

What needle length is needed for an intramuscular injection?

A

1-1.5”

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18
Q

What size needle gauge is used for a subcutaneous injection?

A

24-27

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19
Q

What needle length is needed for a subcutaneous injection?

A

3/8 - 1”

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20
Q

What size needle gauge is needed for an intradermal injection?

A

25-26

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21
Q

What needle length is needed for an intradermal injection?

A

3-8”

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22
Q

What are the different intramuscular injection sites?

A

Deltoid, gluteus Maximus, ventrogluteal, gluteus medius, and vastus lateralis

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23
Q

What are the different subcutaneous injection sites?

A

Lower abdomen, front of thigh, upper back, and back of upper arm.

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24
Q

What is the intradermal injection site?

A

Anterior surface of the arm.

25
Q

Define syringeability.

A

The ease with which a suspension can be drawn from a container into a syringe.

26
Q

Define diluent.

A

A solvent that dissolves a freeze-dried powder or diluted a solution.

27
Q

Define injectability.

A

The ease of flow when a suspension is injected into a patient.

28
Q

Define depot.

A

The area of the muscle where the formulation is injected during an intramuscular injection.

29
Q

Define colloids.

A

Particles up to a hundred times smaller than those in suspensions that are, however, likewise suspended in a solution.

30
Q

Define viscosity.

A

Thickness of a liquid. A measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow.

31
Q

Define biocompatibility.

A

Not irritating; does not promote infection or abscess.

32
Q

Define wheal.

A

A raised blister-like area on the skin caused by intradermal injection.

33
Q

What is one major problem with ophthalmic formulation?

A

Loss of a dose by natural spillage from the eye.

34
Q

When is it recommended to use eye ointments? And why?

A

At night because eye ointments cause blurry vision.

35
Q

What is the lacrimal gland?

A

Glad that produces tears.

36
Q

What are lacrimal canaliculi?

A

Tear ducts.

37
Q

What is conjunctiva?

A

The eyelid lining.

38
Q

Define transcorneal transport.

A

Drug transfer into the eye.

39
Q

What is the capacity of the nasal cavity?

A

Approximately 20 ml

40
Q

What are the different types of intranasal formulation?

A

Solutions, suspensions, ointments, and gels.

41
Q

What are the different ways intranasal dosage can be lost?

A

Enzymes, mucus, and swallowing.

42
Q

What is an example of an adrenocorticoid steroid?

A

Beclomethasone.

43
Q

What are examples of bronchodilators?

A

Isoproterenol, metaproterenol, and albuterol.

44
Q

Define percutaneous absorption?

A

The absorption of drugs through the skin, often for systemic effect.

45
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

The outermost cell layer of the epidermis.

46
Q

What are the functions of dermal formulations?

A

Protectants, lubricants, emollients (drying agents), or delivery vehicle for a drug.

47
Q

What are the three layers of skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

48
Q

What happens when the stratum corneum hydrates?

A

Drugs can penetrate easier.

49
Q

What can cause hydration?

A

Eczema, and psoriasis.

50
Q

What are the most common dermal formulations?

A

Ointments, creams, gels, and lotions.

51
Q

What is the function of transdermal systems (patches, tapes, gauzes)?

A

To deliver drugs through the skin for a systemic effect.

52
Q

What are the functions of aerosols?

A

To apply anesthetic and antibiotic dosage for local effect.

53
Q

What are the advantages of vaginal formulation?

A

Avoids degradation, doses can be retrieved if necessary, and can provide long-term drug absorption.

54
Q

What are disadvantages of vaginal formulation?

A

Administration during menstruation may cause toxic shock syndrome, and variable absorption.

55
Q

What are examples of vaginal formulation?

A

Tablets (inserts), ointments, creams, aerosol foams, suppositories, and IUD

56
Q

What’s is the pH level of the stomach?

A

1-2

57
Q

What is the pH level of the large intestine?

A

7-8

58
Q

What is the pH level of the small intestine?

A

5-7

PTCE (1 decks)

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