Chapter 7: Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Skeletal system differs in size and shape, but they are similar in their structure, _______ and ________
A
development; function
2
Q
What type of bone is long, longitudinal axis and expanded ends
A
long bones
3
Q
Forearm and femur (thigh bone) are examples of what type of bone…
A
long bones
4
Q
What type of bone is cubelike length and width equal
A
short bones
5
Q
wrist and ankle are examples of what type of bone…
A
short bones
5
Q
What type of bone is platelike structures with broad surfaces
A
flat bones
6
Q
Ribs, scapulae (shoulder blade), and skull are examples of what type of bone…
A
flat bones
7
Q
What type of bone is a variety of shapes and connected to several other bones
A
irregular bones
8
Q
Vertebrae, facial bones are examples of what type of bone…
A
irregular bones
9
Q
What type of bone is small and nodular and are embedded within tendons adjacent to joints; also known as round bones
A
Sesamoid bones
10
Q
the kneecap is an example of what type of bone…
A
sesamoid bone
11
Q
What part of the long bone is the expanded portion (articulates or forms a joint) with another bone
A
Epiphysis
12
Q
What part of the long bone is made up of hyaline cartilage, found on the articulated end
A
Articular Cartilage
13
Q
What part of the long bone is the shaft of the bone
A
Diaphysis
14
Q
What part of the long bone is tough vascular of fibrous tissue (except articulated end)
-firmly attached to bone
-functions in the formation and repair of bone
A
Periosteum
15
Q
What part of the long bone is bony projections
A
processes
16
Q
These are examples of…
- attachment of ligaments/tendons
- grooves and openings of passageways for blood vessels and nerves
- articulation of other bones
A
processess
17
Q
What type of bone makes up the wall of the diaphysis
A
compact bone
18
Q
What type of bone is the epiphysis
A
spongy bone
19
Q
What type of bone consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae
A
spongy bone
20
Q
Compact bone and spongy bone are __________ and resist __________
A
strong; bending
21
Q
Bone has both ______ and _______ bone tissue
A
compact; spongy
22
Q
short, flat and irregular bones typically consist of a mass of what type of bone?
A
spongy bone
23
Q
What type of bone is covered by a layer of compact bone or sandwiched between plates of compact bone?
A
spongy bone
24
Osteocytes are known as...
bone cells
25
Osteocytes are located in tiny chambers called...
lacunae
26
what transports nutrients and waste by means of cellular processes
Osteocytes
27
What is intracellular material is bone made up of?
Largely collagen and inorganic salts
28
What materials make bone strong and resistant to crushing
intracellular material
29
In compact bone what process causes osteocytes and layers of intercellular material cluster around a central canal form cylindrical-shaped unit called osteon
Haversian system
30
Many haversian systems cemented together form what type of bone?
blood vessels
31
What canals role is to send messages to the nervous system and muscles
Nerve fibers
32
What canals role is communication with surface of the bone and medullary cavity
Volkmann's Canal
33
What type of bone is composed of osteocytes and intercellular material but the bones cells do not aggregate around the central canals
Spongy bone
34
Parts of the __________ ________ begin to form during the first few weeks of prenatal development, bony structures continue and develop into adulthood.
Skeletal system
35
Intramembranous bones and endochondral bones are...
two ways bones form
36
What type of bone is broad, flat bones of the skull
intramembranous
37
in the long bone the diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis by an
epiphyseal plate
38
epiphyseal plate occurs in how many layers
four
39
What epiphyseal plate layer closest to the end of the epiphysis, is composed of resting cells that do not actively participate in bone growth
first
40
What epiphyseal plate layer consists of rows of many young cells undergoing mitosis
second
41
As new cells appear and intercellular material forms around them causes what plate to thicken
cartilaginous
42
What epiphyseal plate layer is composed of older cells, the entire bone lengthens
- the matrix starts to calcify due to the invading osteoblasts, which secrete calcium salts
- as the matrix calcifies the cells begin to die
third
43
What epiphyseal plate layer is composed of dead and calcified intercellular substances appears to be quite thin
fourth
44
what type of bone continues to lengthen while the cartilaginous cells of the epiphseal plates are active
long bone
45
Once ossification centers of the diaphysis and epiphysis meet and the ephyseal plates ossify, lengthening is....
no longer possible (done growing)
46
what bone thickens as compact bone is deposited on the outside, just beneath the periosteum
developing bone
47
What erodes other bone tissue on the inside which results in the formation of the medullary cavity of the diaphysis, which fills with marrow
osteoclasts
48
Proper absorption of Ca in the small intestine is the role of what vitamin
vitamin D
49
Lack of what vitamin causes bone to be deformed due to the lack of Ca in the matrix
Vitamin D
50
Rickets and osteomalacia are caused by the lack of what vitamin
Vitamin D
51
what vitamin is nessecary for osteoblasts and osteoclasts
vitamin A
52
Lack of vitamin A causes what deficiency
slow bone growth
53
What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis
Vitamin C
54
lack of vitamin C causes what deficiency
abnormal and slender bone
55
What stimulates division of epiphyseal disk
hormones
56
What causes muscles to contract and pull the bone attachments resulting in stress
physical stress
57
what causes bone tissue to become thinner and weaker as well as muscle (atrophy)
lack of exercise
58
stimulates the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen the muscle
hypertrophy
59
What shapes, supports, and protects body structures?
Bones
60
What aids in body movement, houses tissues that produce blood cells, and stores inorganic salts
Bones
61
What acts as levers
Bones
62
What gives shape to structures like the head, face, thorax, and limbs
Bones
63
Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column support what
the body's weight
64
Bones of the _____ protect the eyes, ears, and brain
skull
65
Shoulder and rib cage support what region
the upper abdominal region
66
Bones and muscles interact as simple mechanical devices called...
levers
66
Bones and muscles interact as simple mechanical devices called...
levers
67
- rod/bar
- pivot or fulerum on which bar turns
- object - moves against resistance
- force - supplies energy for the movement
These are all parts of what
Lever
68
what are examples of 1st class levers (R-P-F)
scissors, seesaw
69
what are examples of 2nd class levers (P-R-F)
wheelbarrow
70
what are examples of 3rd class levers (R-F-P)
forceps
71
The process of blood formation is called
Hematopieses
72
Hematopieses occurs in what two places
liver and spleen
73
What forms bone marrow
Hematopieses
74
What forms RBC's, WBC's, and platelets
Red marrow
75
What marrow stores fats
yellow marrow
76
The average number of bones in the human body is...
206
77
What consists of the bony and cartilage parts that support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk
Axial skeleton
78
What is composed of the cranium and facial bones
skull
79
What bone is located in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx
Hyoid bone
80
What is the only bone that does not articulate with other bones
Hyoid bone
81
What bone is fixed in position by muscles and ligaments and supports the tongue
Hyoid bone
82
What is composed of the spinal column and consists of many vertebrae separated by intervertebral disks
Vertebral column
83
The sacrum is part of what
the pelvis
84
What is the location of the sacrum
distal end of the vertebral column
85
What is the name of the tail bone
coccyx
86
What protects the organs of the (upper) abdominal cavity
Thoracic cage
87
What is the thoracic cage composed of
12 pairs of ribs
88
Where is the sternum (breastbone) located
thoracic cage
89
What consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
90
What is composed of the scapulae (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collar bone)
Pectoral girdle
91
What connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and aids in upper limb movement
pectoral girdle
92
What bones are the humerus, or arm bone, and two forearm bones, a radius, an ulna, and a hand
Upper limbs
93
The humerus, radius, and ulna _____ with each other
articulate
94
What is located at the distal end of the ulna and radius
the hand
95
What are the wrist bones called
carpals
96
how many carpal bones are there
8
97
what are the palm bones called
metacarpals
98
how many metacarpal bones are there
5
99
what are the bones of the fingers called
phalanges
100
how many bones make up the 5 fingers on a hand
14
101
What is made up if 2 os coxae or hip bones
pelvic girdle
102
what connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
pelvic girdle
103
What makes up the pelvis
sacrum and coccyx
104
Protecting the lower abdominal and reproductive organs is the function of what
the pelvis
105
What consists of a femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), a fibula (calf bone), and a foot
Lower limbs
106
what is the largest bone in the body
femur
107
What two bones articulate with each other at the knee joint
the femur and tibia
108
what covers the anterior surface of the knee joint
patella (kneecap)
109
What consists of an ankle, instep, and toes
foot
110
What is the name of the bones that make up the ankle
tarsals
111
how many tarsals make up the ankle
7
112
what is the name of the bones that make up the instep
metatarsals
113
how many metatarsals make up the instep
5
114
what is the name of the bones that make up the toes
phalanges
115
how many bones make up the toes on one foot
14
116
What consists of 22 bones except for the lower jaw which are interlocked along lines called sutures
skull
117
How many bones make up the cranium
8
118
how many bones form the facial skeleton
13
119
what is the name of the lower jaw
mandible
120
what part of the skull's function is to enclose and protect the brain
the cranium
121
What are the air filled cavities in the cranium
sinuses
122
sinuses connect to what cavity
nasal cavity
123
What bone of the cranium forms the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes, including the forehead, roof of the nasal cavity, and roof of the orbits of the eyes
Frontal bone
124
What bone of the cranium is on both sides of the skull, and forms the bulging sides and roof of the cranium
Parietal bone
125
The parietal bone is fused at what suture
sagittal
126
What suture do the parietal bone and the frontal bone meet
coronal suture
127
What bone of the cranium forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium
occipital bone
128
The large opening on the lower section of the occipital bone is called...
foramen magnum
129
What allows nerve fibers from the brain to pass through and enter the vertebral canal and becomes a part of the spinal cord
foramen magnum
130
What bone of the cranium forms parts of the sides and bases of the cranium
temporal bones
131
What bone of the cranium has an opening which leads to the external auditory meatus and houses the internal ear structures
temporal bones
132
What bone of the cranium forms the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors of the orbits
sphenoid bone
133
What bone of the cranium forms the part of the roof of the nasal cavity, and nerves associated with sense of smell
ethmoid bone
134
What bone of the cranium floor, orbital walls, and nasal cavity
ethmoid bone
135
All facial bones are _____ except the jaw
immovable
136
What forms the basic shape of the face, and provides attachments for muscles that move and control facial expression
facial skeleton
137
What bone of the facial skeleton forms the upper jaw, and the keystone of the face, since these bones are immoveable
maxillary bones
138
What bone of the facial skeleton forms the anterior portion of the mouth (hard palate), floors of the orbits, sides and floor of the nasal cavity
maxillary bones
139
What bone of the facial skeleton contain sockets for upper teeth, sinuses are also located in this region
maxillary bones
140
What forms because the palate incompletely fused
cleft plate
141
What bone of the facial skeleton are L-shaped and are located behind the maxilla
palatine bones
142
What bone of the facial skeleton forms the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity
palatine bones
143
What bone of the facial skeleton forms the lateral walls and floors of the orbits (cheek)
Zygomatic bone
144
What bone of the facial skeleton provides the channel that carries tears from eye to nasal cavity
lacrimal bones
145
What bones of the facial skeleton are long, thin, and rectangular. They form the bridge of the nose, cartilage attaches to these bones to form the base of the nose
nasal bones
146
What bone of the facial skeleton are located along the midline, and form the nasal septum
vomer bone
147
What bone of the facial skeleton are the lower jaw, shaped as a horseshoe, with a ramus located on each side.
mandible
148
What are inserted on each side of the ramus
mandibular foramen
149
Alveolar border contains the sockets for what
lower teeth
150
What is the opening which houses nerve, blood vessels which supply the roots of the lower teeth (dentists inject Novocain on this region to block nerve impulses)
Mandibular foramen
151
What supplies tissues (blood and nerve tissues) to chin and lower lip
mental foramen
152
What extends from the skull to the pelvis and forms the vertical axis of the skeleton
Vertebral column
153
The vertebral column is composed of bones called
vertebra(e)
154
Bones of the vertebral column are separated by what
vertebral disks
155
What are bones of the vertebral column connected to one another by
ligaments
156
What supports the head and the trunk of the body and is flexible enough to permit movement
the vertebral column
157
-bending forward
-bending backward
-bending to the sides (twisting or rotating)
are all movements allowed by what
the vertebral column
158
In the vertebral column what is the neck curvature called
cervicle
159
In the vertebral column what is the chest curvature called
thoracic
160
In the vertebral column what is the lower back curvature called
lumbar
161
In the vertebral column what is the hip curvature called
pelvic/sacral
162
What part of the vertebra forms the thick anterior portion of the bone
the body
163
what parts of the vertebra form the vertebral arch, around the foramen, through which the spinal cord passes
Pedicles, lamina, and spinous process
164
what part of the vertebra does ligaments and muscles attach to
transverse process
165
What part of the vertebra has openings which provide passageways for the spinal nerve that proceed between adjacent vertebrae and connect to the spinal cord
Intervertebral formania
166
What type of vertebrae is made up of 7 bones of the neck
cervical vertebrae
167
which of the cervical vertebrae bones are uniquely forked to provide muscle attachment (fork called bifid)
C2-C6
168
which of the cervical vertebrae bones is longer and is called vertebrae prominens because it can be felt through the skin
C7
169
which of the cervical vertebrae bones is known as the atlas and supports the head
C1
170
which of the cervical vertebrae bones is known as the axis and allows the head to turn
C2
171
How many bones is the thoracic vertebrae composed of
12
172
What direction do thoracic vertebrae's spinous process slope
downward
173
After T3 in the thoracic vertebrae and moving downward these bones increase in size to support what
the body's weight
174
Lumbar vertebrae is composed of how may bones
5
175
Which type of vertebrae have larger and stronger bodies
lumbar vertebrae
176
What is the triangular structure located at the base of the vertebral column
sacrum
177
The sacrum is composed of _____ vertebrae which develop separately and fuse together between the ages of 18 and 30
5
178
in the sacrum nerves and blood pass along through rows called the
dorsal sacral foramen
179
The sacrum forms what side of the pelvic cavity
posterior
180
What is also known as the tailbone and is composed of 4 vertebrae that fuse together by the age of 25
coccyx
181
What acts as a shock absorber while sitting
coccyx
182
What is composed of 12 pairs of ribs attached to the thoracic vertebra
thoracic cage
183
How many true ribs are on each side of the thoracic cage
7
184
How many false ribs are on each side of the thoracic cage
3
185
which ribs join the sternum completely
true ribs
186
which ribs do not reach the sternum
false ribs
187
how many floating ribs are on each side of the thoracic cage
2
188
-long slender shaft which curves around the chest and slopes downward
- flattened neck
these are main parts of what
ribs
189
Costal cartilage is composed of what
hyaline cartilage
190
what is also know as the breastbone
the sternum
191
What is located on the midline anterior portion of the thoracic cage
the sternum
192
the manubrium, the middle body, and xphoid process are all parts of what
the sternum
193
The shoulder girdle is also known as
the pectoral girdle
194
The pectoral girdle is composed of 4 parts, _____ clavicles, and ____ scalpulae
2; 2
195
Whats function is to support the upper limbs and serves for attachment for several muscles
pectoral girdle
196
What function is brace the freely moveable scalpulae and helps keep shoulder in place, and may break easily because it is structurally weak
clavicles
197
What is the shape of the scalpulae
triangular
198
whats function is to articulate with the head of the arm bone (humerus)
glenoid cavity
199
What spine disorder causes the spine to curve significantly inward at the lower back
lordosis/sway back
200
What spine disorder causes abnormally rounded upper back
Kyphosis
201
What spine disorder causes sideways curve to the spine
scoliosis
202
the arm, forearm, and hand are the framework of what
the upper limb
203
the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges make up what
the upper limb
204
what bone extends from the scalpula to the elbow
humerus
205
The greater and lesser tubercle are processes for muscle attachment for what bone
humerus
206
Fractures occur here and is located below the tubercle
surgical neck
207
Capitualum and trochlea are
smooth condoyles
208
articulates radius at elbow is the fuction of what smooth condoyle
capitualum
209
Joins the elbow is the function of what smooth condoyle
trochlea
210
What part of the upper limb is located on the lateral side of the forearm, and is shorter than the ulna
radius
211
What part of the upper limb extends from the elbow to the wrist
radius
212
what part of the upper limb is longer than the radius and overlaps the end of the humerus posteriorly
ulna
213
each finger has ___ finger bones except the thumb
3
214
the thumb lacks the _____ phalanx
middle
215
what are the three types of phalanxs
proximal, middle, distal
216
What consists of two coxae (hip bones)
Pelvic girdle
217
what consists of the sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle
pelvis
218
What supports the trunk of the body, provides attachments for lower limbs, and protects urinary bladder, distal end of the intestinal tract, and internal reproductive organs.
pelvic girdle
219
Ilium, ishium, and pubis make up what
coxae (hip)
220
What is composed of the thigh, leg and foot
lower limb
221
What is the longest bone in the body and extends from the hip to the knee
femur
222
This part of the femur sits in the acetabulum of the coxal bone
head
223
What articulates with the femur on its distal anterior surface
patella
224
What functions as a lever with lower limb movements
patella
225
What is also know as the shin bone, and the lateral side articulates with the fibula
tibia
226
the inferior surface of the ______ distal end articulates with the talus of the foot
tibia's
227
what connects the foot to the tibia
talus
228
what is the long slender bone located on the lateral side of the tibia
fibula
229
What bone of the lower limb does not bear body weight
fibula
230
What bone articulates with the tibia and protrudes from the lateral side
lateral malleoulus
231
What consists of a tarsus, metatarsals, and 5 toes
ankle and foot
232
That tarsus is composed of how many tarsal bones
7
233
What bone of the lower limb can move freely where it joins the tibia and fibula forming the ankle
talus
234
What is the name of the heel bone that forms the base of the heel
calcaneous
235
What bone of the lower limbs function is to support the weight of the body and provide an attachment for muscles that move the foot
talus
236
What bones form the ball of the foot
metatarsals
237
arches are formed based on the arrangement of ligaments on what two parts of the foot
tarsals and metatarsals
238
If tissues in the arch are weaken what happens
get flat foot
239
arches in the foot provide what base for the body
stable/springy
