chapter 7 (skeletal system)

Question 1

functions of bone (5)

Answer 1

support, protect, enable body movement, house blood producing cells, store inorganic salts (nutrients)

Question 2

HEMATOPOIESIS

Answer 2

production of blood cells from driving stem and progenitor cells

Question 3

LONG BONES (shapes)

Answer 3

have long longitudinal axes and expand ends (ex: forearm, thigh)

Question 4

SHORT BONES (shapes)

Answer 4

have roughly equal lengths and widths (ex: wrists, ankles)

Question 5

SESAMOID/ROUND BONE (shapes)

Answer 5

small and nodular and develops within a tendon/adjacent to a joint (ex: kneecap)

Question 6

FLAT BONES (shapes)

Answer 6

platelike structures with broad surfaces (ex: ribs, scapulae, some of skull)

Question 7

IRREGULAR BONES (shapes)

Answer 7

have a variety of shapes, most are connected to several other bones (ex: vertebrae, many facial bones)

Question 8

long bone term- EPIPHYSIS

Answer 8

end of bone

Question 9

long bone term- ARTICULAR

Answer 9

cartilage, covers ends at joints

Question 10

long bone term- DIAPHYSIS

Answer 10

shaft (middle) of bone

Question 11

long bone term- PERIOSTEUM

Answer 11

connective tissue (surrounds)

Question 12

long bone term- COMPACT BONE

Answer 12

dense bone tissue

Question 13

long bone term- SPONGY BONE

Answer 13

has lots of pores

Question 14

long bone term- TRABECULAE

Answer 14

branching boney plates

Question 15

long bone term- MEDULLARY CAVITY

Answer 15

in diaphysis, contains marrow

Question 16

long bone term- ENDOSTEUM

Answer 16

lines the medullary

Question 17

long bone term- MARROW

Answer 17

connective tissue, includes stem cells (red: produce blood cells, yellow: store fat)

Question 18

INTRAMEMBRANOUS

Answer 18

membrane like layers

Question 19

ENDOCHONDRAL

Answer 19

most bones of the skeleton

Question 20

OSSIFICATION

Answer 20

the formation of bone

Question 21

PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER

Answer 21

diaphysis (middle)

Question 22

SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER

Answer 22

epiphysis (end)

Question 23

what is the EMBRYONIC SKELETON made of?

Answer 23

hyaline cartilage

Question 24

how many bones are humans born with and how many do they have in adulthood?

Answer 24

300 born, 206 after fused

Question 25

FONTANELS

Answer 25

membranous areas of incomplete intramembranous ossification

Question 26

what are FONTANELS aka and what do they do?

Answer 26

“soft spots”/ allow the skull to compress slightly during birth as well as allow for growth of the brain

Question 27

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

Answer 27

where bone growth happens (aka: growth plates)

Question 28

what happens to epiphyseal plates over time?

Answer 28

they thicken, lengthening the bone

Question 29

if an epiphyseal plate is damaged before it ossifies, growth of long bone may…

Answer 29

prematurely cease

Question 30

OSTEOBLAST

Answer 30

bone forming cells

Question 31

OSTEOCLAST

Answer 31

bone resorbing cells

Question 32

what controls the growth of bone?

Answer 32

nutrition, hormones, and exercise

Question 33

bone growth ends when epiphyseal plates are completely converted to…

Answer 33

bone

Question 34

vitamin D deficiency results in condition called … in children and … in adults

Answer 34

Rickets, osteomalorcia

Question 35

why do we need vitamin A?

Answer 35

it helps bone cell activity

Question 36

why do we need vitamin C?

Answer 36

it gives bones strength

Question 37

how do the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen promote bone growth?

Answer 37

they stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates

Question 38

a broken bone exposed to the outside by an opening in the skin is a…

Answer 38

compound (open) fracture

Question 39

fractures- GREENSTICK

Answer 39

incomplete, the other break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone

Question 40

fractures- FISSURED

Answer 40

incomplete longitudinal break

Question 41

fractures- COMMINUTED

Answer 41

complete and fragments the bone

Question 42

fractures- TRANSVERSE

Answer 42

complete, and the break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone

Question 43

fractures- OBLIQUE

Answer 43

occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone

Question 44

fractures- SPIRAL

Answer 44

caused by excessive twisting of a bone