Chapter 7-Social Process Theories Flashcards
(27 cards)
The view that criminality is a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society.
Social Process Theory
The view that people learn to be aggressive by observing other acting aggressively to achieve some goal or being rewarded for violent acts.
Social Learning Theory
The view that people commit crime when the forces binding them to society are weakened or broken.
Social Control Theory
The view that people become criminals when they are labeled as such and accept the label as a personal identity.
Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory
Process of human development and acculturation. Socialization is influenced by key social processes and institutions.
Socialization
The ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in non coercive ways.
Parental Efficacy
The view that people commit crime when their social learning leads them to perceive more definitions favoring crime than favoring conventional behavior.
Differential Association Theory
Result of exposure to opposing norms, attitudes, and definitions of right and wrong, moral and immoral.
Culture Conflict
The view that law violators learn to neutralize conventional values and attitudes, enabling them to drift back and forth between criminal and conventional behavior.
Neutralize Theory
Movement in and out of delinquency, shifting between conventional and deviant values.
Drift
Methods of rationalizing deviant behavior, such as denying responsibility or blaming the victim.
Neutralization Techniques
A strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms.
Self-Control
A strong personal investment in conventional institutions, individuals, and processes that prevents people from engaging in behavior that might jeopardize their reputation and achievements.
Commitment to Conformity
The ties that bind people to society, including relationships with friends, family, neighbors, teachers, and employers. The elements of the social bond include commitment, attachment, involvement, and belief.
Social Bonds
A person who creates moral rules that reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong.
Moral Entrepreneur
To apply negative labeling with enduring effects on a person’s self-image and social interactions.
Stigmatize
A course of action or ritual in which someone’s identity is publicly redefined and destroyed and he or she is thereafter viewed as socially unacceptable.
Successful Degradation Ceremony
The reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label.
Retrospective Reading
A norm violation or crime that has little or no long-term influence on the violator.
Primary Deviance
A norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who apply a negative label that has long-term consequences for the violator’s self-idenity and social interactions.
Secondary Deviance
Process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance, apprehension, labeling, and criminal self-idenity.
Deviance Amplification
May vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
Differential Associations
Sutherland
Differential Association Theory
