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PSYCH 105 Ch. 5-8 > Chapter 7 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 factors is In-group/Out-group Membership based on?

A
  1. Reciprocity
  2. Transitivity/Balance theory
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2
Q

Reciprocity Theory

A
  • the idea that people will/should treat you the way you treat them
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3
Q

Transitivity/Balance Theory

A
  • we desire harmony in relationships so in our in-groups (groups we belong to), we want all of our friends to like each other
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4
Q

Prejudice

A

negative attitudes and THOUGHTS towards a certain group
- they’re like this because they’re part of x group

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5
Q

Discrimination

A
  • negative BEHAVIOUR towards a certain group; treating someone differently because of their group
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6
Q

What is the difference between Prejudice and Discrimination?

A

Prejudice - thoughts (cognitive)
Discrimination - behaviour

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7
Q

What are the two concepts/biases formed within “Us Vs. Them” thinking

A
  1. Group homogeneity bias
  2. In-group favouritism + out-group derogation
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8
Q

Group Homogeneity Bias

A
  • grouping people outside your group as “all the same”

eg: someone saying “all asians look the same”

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9
Q

In-group favouritism

A

attributing more positive qualities to our in-group and giving them preferential treatment

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10
Q

Out-group derogation

A

attribute negative qualities to out-group

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11
Q

Categorization is our way of organizing the world and simplifying things to help us react quick, but the two negative things it can lead to are:

A

prejudice, discrimination

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12
Q

Why might some people be scared of immigrants according to social psychology?

A

prejudice - immigrants are a threat to their in-group (the country they live in)

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13
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory

A

competition for limited resources fosters prejudice

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14
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

Prejudice stems from a need to enhance self-esteem. People will express more prejudice when they feel that an out-group is an attack to the self-esteem rooted in their in-group.

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15
Q

Stereotype

A

positive or negative cognitive schema that allows us to process and react faster

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16
Q

What is the difference between prejudice and stereotypes?

A

prejudice is negative while stereotypes can be positive OR negative

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17
Q

Subtyping

A

someone saying one person they know from a certain group they stereotype is the ONLY exception to the stereotype

  • eg: you’re the only exception, all other asians are like this
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18
Q

Behaving towards/treating someone differently for their race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation.

A

discrimination

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19
Q

Implicit Bias Test

A

tests automatic, UNCONSCIOUS bias that cannot be seen (fast reactions to certain words or images)

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20
Q

The Shooter Bias Effect is an example of what type of bias?

A

implicit bias - unconscious, automatic

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21
Q

Shooter Bias Effect

A

example of implicit bias
- shown pics of people holding a gun or non gun object, viewer must quickly indicate shoot or don’t shoot
- No gun trials: people shoot for POC
- gun trials: people don’t shoot for white people

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22
Q

A dog’s capacity to be racist is affected by:

A

their owner’s implicit and explicit biases, prejudice, or discrimination

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23
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

The fear of prejudice about your group confirming itself and that your group will live up to those stereotypes, so you act like those stereotypes anyways.

  • if you stereotype yourself a certain way, you’ll act like that
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24
Q

How to fight the effects of stereotype threats:

A

self affirmation, education on this threat

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25
Q

Attribution

A

Judgements about causes of our own or other people’s behaviours or outcomes to give us a sense of order and expectation.

Connections between people, attributes, and behaviours.

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26
Q

What would mom say the stereotype threat is like?

A

a “self-fulfilling prophecy”

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27
Q

Personal Attribution

A

placing cause of behaviours or outcomes on internal factors

Eg: I failed an exam, I must be stupid

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28
Q

Situational Attribution

A

placing cause of behaviour or outcome on external forces (other people, accidents, etc.)

Eg: I failed my exam, it was because the professor is a hard marker and it was too hot to think clearly

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29
Q

Types of Attributional Biases (3):

A
  1. Fundamental Attribution Error
  2. Cultural Attribution
  3. Nonverbal Behaviour Attribution
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30
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

tendency for people to underemphasize situational factors/explanations, while overemphasizing personality based factors when judging a situation

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31
Q

An actor getting typecasted is an example of:

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

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32
Q

What type of society is the Fundamental Attribution Error more common in?

A

individualist, western society - overestimating personal factors

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33
Q

Collectivist societies will emphasize _______ factors in attribution.

A

situational

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34
Q

Nonverbal Behaviour Attribution

A

judgements we make about others based on facial expressions, gestures, and movements done in a short amount of time

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35
Q

Affiliations

A

close associations with others

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36
Q

Why do we affiliate and have close relationships with people? (5)

A
  1. Evolution
  2. Companionship
  3. Intimacy
  4. Love
  5. Basic need - social contact
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37
Q

Evolutionary Theory of Affiliation

A
  • affiliation makes us more likely to survive: protection, reproduction
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38
Q

4 specific reasons for affiliation:

A
  1. Positive stimulation
  2. Receive emotional support
  3. Gain attention
  4. Social Comparison
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39
Q

Social Comparison

A

when we compare beliefs, feelings and behaviours to evaluate ourselves and see if we’re “normal” or fitting in with society

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40
Q

4 factors of INITIAL attraction:

A
  1. Physical Proximity
  2. Mere Exposure Effect / Familiarity
  3. Similarity
  4. Personal Characteristics
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41
Q

Theory of Physical Proximity in Attraction:

A

you are more likely to be friends with people you are often in the same area as

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42
Q

Mere Exposure Affect in Attraction:

A

you are attracted to people you become/are more familiar with

Eg: workplace enemies to lovers; trapped together trope; one bed trope

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43
Q

Similarity Effect in Attraction:

A

Birds of a feather flock together - we want people who can validate us, so we are attracted to people with similar phsyical traits, values, psychological attributes, and beliefs.

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44
Q

Personal Characteristics

A

People have specific characteristics they’re attracted to - we want but good people, but not too perfect they’re not relatable

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45
Q

Examples of commonly desired personal characteristics:

A

kind, dependable, trustworthy, reliable, competent

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46
Q

Evolutionary Perspective on Attractiveness:

A

attractive = better genes

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47
Q

what does symmetry represent in attractiveness (evolutionary psych)

A

health, high status

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48
Q

what does dominance represent in attractiveness in men (evolutionary psych)

A

high testosterone, wider face

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49
Q

What is Beautiful is Good Stereotype

A

what is beautiful is good; pretty privilege - we assume attractive people are more intelligent and sociable

50
Q

What is a synonym for the “What is Beautiful is Good” stereotype?

A

Halo Effect

51
Q

Matching Effect

A

People of similar physical attractiveness are drawn to each other

52
Q

Passion (in the context of love)

A

intense emotional yearning, arousal, and sexual desire

(think honeymoon phase)

53
Q

What are the three attributes used in the Triangular Theory of Love?

A
  1. Intimacy
  2. Passion
  3. Commitment
54
Q

passion

A

romance, phsyical attraction

55
Q

What is the Triangular Theory of Love and how many subcategories of love does it create?

A

The idea that love is defined by three attributes: intimacy, passion, and commitment, which overlap to form 7 types of love.

56
Q

7 Types of Love according to the Triangular Theory of Love

A
  1. Consummate Love
  2. Empty Love
  3. Fatuous Love
  4. Infatuated Love
  5. Romantic Love
  6. Liking Love
  7. Companionate Love
57
Q

Which and how many attributes in consummate love?

A

3 - intimacy, passion, commitment

58
Q

What is the only type of love out of the 7 types of love within the Triangular Theory of Love that has all 3 qualities/attributes overlapped?

A

Consummate love

59
Q

3 pairs of love attributes, 3 individual love attributes, and a triplet to define 7 types of love (1112223)

A

Triangular theory of love

60
Q

Fatuous love attributes

A

passion and commitment

61
Q

infatuated love

A

passion alone

62
Q

Romantic love

A

intimacy and passion

63
Q

Liking Love

A

intimacy alone

64
Q

Companionate love

A

intimacy and commitment

65
Q

What is the main influence a group has on an individual?

A

the desire to be accepted

66
Q

Social Loafing

A

people don’t work as hard in a group as they do when they work alone - spend less individual effort when working in a group

67
Q

What social phenomenon happens when people in a group don’t care about the subject of work they’re doing?

A

social loafing

68
Q

What phenomenon is the Collective Effort Model related to?

A

Social Loafing

69
Q

What is the Collective Effort Model?

A

The collective effort model explains that social loafing is more likely to occur when individual performance is not being monitored, the goal/task has little value to the person, the group is less important to the person, and the task is simple (4 factors).

70
Q

Social Loafing is more likely to occur when:
(Collective Effort Model)
(4)

A
  1. Individual performance not being monitored
  2. Task/goal is of little importance to person
  3. Group is of little importance to person
  4. Task is simple, effort redundant
71
Q

Group Polarization

A
  • when initial group attitudes become more extreme over time due to the nature of those in the group
  • when the AVERAGE polarization of the group becomes more extreme
72
Q

Cause of Group Polarization

A

Conformity

73
Q

Normal Social Influence

A

Agreeing with the group to fit in and avoid looking silly.

74
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

we assume other people have accurate knowledge so we follow them - look to people around us to know what to do

75
Q

Groupthink

A

suspending critical thinking to maintain agreement and cohesion - collectively being delusional together for the sake of BEING a collective

people want reassurance, even if it’s delusional

76
Q

What causes groupthink? (4)

A
  1. High Stress Pressure to make Decisions
  2. Insolation from Outside Input
  3. Directive Leader who promotes agenda
  4. High group cohesion and loyalty
77
Q

Groupthink can lead to (negative):

A

Bad decisions, poor reputation

78
Q

US ignoring threats of Japanese attacks because the country collectively wanted to stay out of the war is an example of:

A

groupthink

79
Q

The executive scientists for the Challenger being tired and under extreme stress, and ignoring the engineers telling them the launch wasn’t a good idea, leading to the Challenger explosion is an example of:

A

groupthink

80
Q

How to Maintain Groupthink (3):

A
  1. Remaining impartial
  2. Critical thinking
  3. Outside perspectives
81
Q

Conformity

A

a type of social influence that involves change and adjustment in individuals beliefs to fit in

82
Q

Solomon Ash’s line study studied the concept of

A

conformity

83
Q

Factors Affecting Conformity

A
  1. Group size
  2. Presence of a dissenter
  3. Type of Culture
84
Q

Milgram study obedience Factors (3)

A
  1. Remoteness of victim
  2. Closeness and legitimacy of authority figure
  3. Obedience influenced when someone else doing something
85
Q

Compliance techniques

A

strategies to manipulate you

86
Q

Compliance

A

tendency to agree to do the things that people ask of you even when you don’t want to

87
Q

Norm of Reciprocity

A

To get someone to comply, be nice to them so they OWE you later

88
Q

Door in Face Technique

A

big request that they’ll say no to and then ask for normal request so that it looks reasonable in comparison and they’re more likely to agree

89
Q

Foot in Door Technique

A

small request, but don’t close the door just yet, here’s a slightly bigger request -> you already did the small thing, might as well do the big one

90
Q

Attitude are made up by:

A

beliefs and values

91
Q

attitudes influence

A

behaviour

92
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

We rationalize for conflicting attitudes because people want consistency in their cognition

93
Q

cognitive dissonance is experienced when

A

two or more cognitions contradict

94
Q

HOW is cognitive dissonance resolved?

A

by changing cognitions or adding new ones

rationalizing, justifying yourself

95
Q

Counter Attitudinal Behaviour

A

when we perceive our actions were chosen rather than coerced - why did i act out of character?

96
Q

Counter Attitudinal Behaivour can cause _______ because your idea of yourself does not match with your previous idea of yourself so you feel the need to justify and defend yourself.

A

cognitive dissonance

97
Q

Persuasion

A

involves communication to audience with surrounding context

Active + conscious effort to change mind

98
Q

Conformity Vs. Compliance Vs. Persuasion

A

Conformity - changing beliefs because you want to be accepted by the group

Compliance - agreeing to something even when you don’t actually want to do it

Persuasion - active and conscious effort to change a behaviour/attitude (beliefs and values) through a message

99
Q

what is the strongest kind of persuasive message

A

emotional

100
Q

Communicator Credibility

A

credible, seems professional, attractive, likeable, relatable

  • eg: using celebrities to advertise
101
Q

Message (3)

A

Emotion

Exposure

Two sided message to seem smart

102
Q

Audience Elaboration Likelihood model (2)

A
  1. central route to persuasion
  2. Peripheral route to persuasion
103
Q

Central route to persuasion

A

paying attention to and carefully analyzing the message if it compels you

104
Q

peripheral route to persuasion

A

influenced by factors other than the sole message - how does the message make them FEEL, how attractive is the communicator of this message

105
Q

The Mere Prescence of Others Hypothesis

A

presence of others can enhance or hinder the performance of different tasks

106
Q

Dominant response in mere presence of others hypothesis

A

if people are around:

  • task is easy/well-practiced -> perform well
  • task is difficult -> more likely to mess up
107
Q

eusociality

A

animals that are characterized by many generations living together, cooperative care of offspring, reproductive division of labour

108
Q

personality characteristics of eusocial species

A

self-sacrificing, altruistic

109
Q

Example of eusocial species

A

Naked mole rat

110
Q

Aggression

A

any sort of BEHAVIOUR that inolves intention to phsyical or emotional harm another

  • liike all behaviours, it is learned
111
Q

Main neurotransmitter involved with aggression

A

Serotonin

112
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

frustration leads to aggression

(This is disputed because pain also leads to it so but yeah)

113
Q

Psychological factors of aggression

A

self-justification
attribution of intentionality
degree of empathy

114
Q

Biological effects of aggression (3)

A

testosterone
SEROTONIN
MAO gene

115
Q

Prosocial Behaviours

A

behaviours that have the intent of benefiting others

  • altruism, empathy, socialization, modelling
116
Q

Norms

A

Social rules that are typically praised and maintained

117
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

reciprocate when others treat us kindly

118
Q

norm of social responsibility

A

help others and contribute to society (make it better)

119
Q

Human Prosocial Beahivour

A

willing to help others based on how similar we are to them

120
Q

Just-World Hypothesis

A

saying some people “get hwat they deserve” so you don’t have to feel h bad for or help someone.

121
Q

Prosocial Modelling

A

give an example of people being Prosocial, and people might follow by learning from observation

122
Q

Attitudes vs. Attributions

A

attitude - EVALUATION of something - feelings and beliefs

attribution - cause of something - trying to understand WHY something happened

PSYCH 105 Ch. 5-8 (4 decks)

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