Chapter 7: The Skeleton-Bones and Joints Flashcards
(92 cards)
0
Q
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
A
It is divided into a central portion:
- the axial skeleton
- the extremities
1
Q
List five functions of bones
A
- serve as body framework
- protect organs
- serve as levers for movement
- store calcium salts
- form blood cells
2
Q
Long bone makes up what?
A
Almost all of the skeleton of the arms and legs
3
Q
The long narrow shaft of the long bone is called the ___.
A
Diaphysis
4
Q
At the center of the diaphysis is the ___ which contains bone marrow.
A
Medullary cavity
5
Q
The long bone also had two irregular ends, approximal and a distal ___.
A
Epiphysis
6
Q
There are two types of bone tissue, also known as ___.
A
Osseous tissue
7
Q
What are the two types of bone tissue?
A
- compact bone
- spongy bone
8
Q
Compact bone:
A
- is hard and dense
- makes up the main shaft of a long bone and the outer layer of other bones
- very hard bone with few spaces
9
Q
Haversian canal:
A
Channel in the center of an osteon, a subunit of compact bone
10
Q
Haversian system:
A
-also known as osteon: subunit of compact bone, consisting of concentric rings of bone tissue around a central channel.
11
Q
Perforating (Volkmann) Canals:
A
-channel across a long bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
12
Q
Spongy bone:
A
- also called cancellous bone
- has more spaces than compact bones
- made up of a mesh work of small, bony plates filled with red marrow
- makes up the center of short bones
13
Q
Which type of bone tissue makes up the interior of the epiphyses of long bone and at the center of other bones?
A
Spongy bone
14
Q
A long bone has a long, narrow shaft and two irregular ends, what are the scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a long bone?
A
- the scientific name for the shaft is the diaphysis
- the scientific names for the two irregular ends is the proximal and distal epiphysis
15
Q
What are the two types of marrow that bone contains?
A
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
16
Q
Red marrow:
A
Found at the ends of the long bones and at the center of other bones.
Manufactures blood cells
17
Q
Yellow marrow:
A
Found chiefly in the central cavities of the long bones
Composed largely of fat
18
Q
Bones are covered on the outside (except at the joint region) by a membrane called the ___.
A
Periosteum
19
Q
Which membrane’s inner layer contains cells (osteoblasts) that is essential in bone formation in not only during growth but also in the repair of injuries?
A
Periosteum
20
Q
Which vessels in the periosteum plays an important role in the nourishment of bone tissue?
A
Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
21
Q
Endosteum:
A
A thinner membrane which lines the bone’s marrow cavity; it too contains cells that aid in the growth and repair of bone tissue
22
Q
Ossification:
A
Process of bone tissue- the conversion of cartilage to bone begins during the second and third month of embryonic life
23
Q
Osteoblasts:
A
Bone-building cells
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Matrix:
The material located between the cells
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Collagen:
A fibrous protein that gives the tissue strength and resilience
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Lacunae:
Small spaces
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Osteocytes:
Mature bone cell; maintains bone but does not produce new bone tissue
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Osteoclasts:
Cell that breaks down bone
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Resorption:
Breakdown of bone tissue
| -necessary for bone remodeling and repair, as occurs during growth and after injury
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Both the formation and resorption of bone tissue are regulated by ___.
Hormones
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___ promotes calcium absorption from the intestine
Vitamin D
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Calcitonin from the ___ ____promotes the uptake of calcium by bone tissue
Thyroid gland
33
What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each?
1. Osteoblasts: bone forming cells
2. Osteocytes: mature bone cells that maintains the one but does not produce new bone tissue
3. Osteoclasts: cell that breaks down bone
34
When does the transformation, in a long bone, of cartilage into bone begin at the center of the shaft?
During fetal development
35
Epiphyseal plates:
secondary bone-forming centers that develops across the ends of the bones around the time of birth
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Around what age does the long bones stop growing in length?
By the late teens or early 20s
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What is the difference between the bones of small children and elderly people?
The bones of small children: are relatively pliable because they contain a larger proportion of cartilage and are undergoing active bone tissue renewal.
In elderly people: there is a slowing of bone tissue renewal. as a result the bones are weaker and more fragile. They have a decreased ability to form the protein framework on which calcium slats are deposited. Fractures heal more slowly because of these decreases in bone metabolism
38
As the embryonic skeleton is converted from cartilages to bone, the intercellular matrix becomes hardened. What compounds are deposited to harden it?
Calcium compounds
39
After birth, long bones continue to grow in length at secondary centers. What are these centers called?
Epiphyseal plates
40
What do bone markings help with?
Bone markings, lie, raised areas and depressions, help to form joints or serve as points for muscle attachments, and various holes, which allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels.
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What are the five projections?
- Head: a rounded, knoblike end separated from the rest of the bone by a slender region, the neck
- process: a large projection of a bone, such as the superior part of the ulna in the forearm that creates the elbow
- condyle: a rounded projection; a small projection above a condyle is an epicondyle
- crest: a distinct border or ridge, often rough, such as over the top of the hip bone
- spine: a sharp projection from the surface of a bone, such as the spine of the scapula
42
What are the 4 depressions or holes?
- Foramen: a hole that allows a vessel or a nerve to pass through or between bones
- sinus: an air space found in some skull bones
- fossa: a depression on a bone surface.
- meatus: a short channel or passageway
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Axial skeleton:
Consisted of 80 bones and includes the bony framework of the head and the trunk
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Appendicular skeleton:
Consists of 126 bones and forms the framework for the extremities and the shoulders and hips
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Extremities:
Limbs
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Skull:
The bony framework of the head
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The skull is subdivided into two parts:
The cranium
| Facial portion
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Cranium:
Rounded chamber that encloses the brain and is composed of eight distinct cranial bones
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Frontal bone:
Forms the forehead, the anterior if the skull's roof and the roof of the eye socket
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Frontal sinuses:
Air spaces that communicate with the nasal cavities. Sinuses and others near the nose are described as para nasal sinuses
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The two parietal bones:
From the top and the side walls of the cranium
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Two temporal bones:
Form part of the sides and some of the base of the skull. Each one contains MASTOID SINUSES as well as the ear canal, the eardrums, and the ear's entire middle and internal portions.
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Mastoid process:
...of the temporal bone projects downward immediately behind the external part of the ear. It contains the mastoid air cells and is a place for muscle attachment
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Ethmoid bone:
A light, fragile bone located between the eyes. It forms a part of the eye orbit's medial wall, a small portion of the cranial floor, and most of the nasal cavity roof.it contains several air spaces, compromising some of the para nasal sinuses. A thin platelike, downward extension of this bone form much of the nasal septum
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The sphenoid bone:
When from a superior view, resembles a bat with its wings extended. It lies at the base of the skull anterior to the temporal bones and forms part of the eye socket
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Sella turcica:
The sphenoid contains a saddle like depression that holds and protects the pituitary gland
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The occipital bone:
Forms the skull's posterior and a part of its base.
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The Foramen magnum:
Located at the base of the occipital bone, is a large opening through which the spinal cord communicates with the brain
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Suture:
Unites the skull bones that is a type of flat, immovable joint
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What are the five most prominent cranial sutures?
- the coronal suture: joins the frontal bone with the two parietal bones along the coronal bone
- the squamous suture: joins the temporal bone to the parietal bone on the cranium's lateral surface
- the lambdoid suture: joins the occipital bone with the parietal bones in the posterior cranium
- the Sagittal suture: joins the two parietal bones along the superior midline of the cranium, alone the Sagittal plane
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Mandible:
Lower jaw, the skull's only movable joint
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The two maxillae:
Fuse in the midline to form the upper jaw bone, including the anterior part of the hard palate (roof of the mouth). Each maxilla contains a Larger space, called the MAXILLARY SINUS, that communicates with the nasal cavity
63
Zygomatic bones:
Cheekbones
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Nasal bones:
Lie side by side, forming the bridge of the nose
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Lacrimal bones:
Form the anterior medial wall of each orbital cavity
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Vomer
Forms the inferior part of the nasal septum
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Palatine bones:
Forms the posterior part of the hard palate
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Inferior nasal conchae
Extend horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavities,
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Ossicles:
One of the three small bones of the middle ear
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Hyoid:
Just below the mandible, a single horseshoe, or u-shaped, bone, to which the tongue and other muscles are attached
71
Fontanels:
Soft spots
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Vertebral column:
Spine
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Thorax:
Bones of the chest
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Spinous process:
Projecting posteriorly from the bony arch that encircles the spinal cord
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Intervertebral foramina:
Formed between the vertebrae as they join together, through which spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord
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Cervical vertebrae:
Seven in number, are located in the neck.
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Atlas
The first vertebra, supports the head
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Axis:
The second cervical vertebra, serves as a pivot when the head is turned from side to side
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Transverse foramina:
Accommodates bloods vessels and nerves that supply the neck and the head
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Thoracic vertebrae:
12 in number are located in the chest, each has a spinous process that points downward
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The lumbar vertebrae:
Five in number, are located in the small of the back. Larger and heavier that the vertebrae superior to them and can support more weight
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Sacral vertebrae:
Five separate bones in the child. Eventually fuse to form a single bone called the sacrum
83
Coccygeal vertebrae:
Consists of four or five bones in the child which later fuses to form a single one, the coccyx, or tail bone, in adult
84
Concave curve:
Primary curve
85
Manubrium:
Superior portion of the sternum that joins laterally on the right and left with a clavicle
86
Sternal angle:
Where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum, there is a slight elevation
87
Xiphoid process:
The inferior end of the sternum consists of a small tip that is made of cartilage in youth but becomes bone in the adult,
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Acromion:
The process that joins the clavicle
89
Glenoid cavity:
Below the acromion there is a shallow socket that forms a ball and socket joint with the humerus
90
Coracoid process:
Medial to the glenoid cavity
91
Olecranon:
The proximal end of the Joan
