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Neurobiology > Chapter 7: The Structure of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does brain organization follow?

A

The mammalian plan

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2
Q

What are the nervous system divisions?

A

Cerntral Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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3
Q

Ipsilateral v. Contralateral

A

Ipsilateral is same side, while contralateral is opposite sides

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4
Q

What are the anatomical plans of section?

A

Midsagittal, horizontal, coronal

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5
Q

What is the CNS encased in?

A

Bone

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6
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

-Largest part of the brain
-2 Hemispheres
-Sensations and movement
-Right side controls left side of body
-Left side controls right side of body

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7
Q

What is cerebellum?

A

-Latin for “little brain”
-Same number of neurons as cerebrum
-Movement control center
-Right side controls the right side of the body

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8
Q

Brain Stem

A

-Relay nerve fibers
-Vital functions-breathing, consciousness, body temp,
-Damage is usually fatal

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9
Q

Spinal Cord

A

-Attached to the brain stem
-Major conduit of information from skin, joints, muscles to brain and vice versa

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10
Q

How does the spinal cord communicate?

A

Via spinal nerves (PNS)

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11
Q

Dorsal root

A

Sensory info. to the spinal cord

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12
Q

Ventral Root

A

Motor info. from the spinal cord

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13
Q

Somatic PNS

A

Under voluntary control, innervates skin, joints, muscles

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14
Q

Somatic Motor Axons

A

Innervate muscle (NMJ)

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15
Q

Somatic Sensory Axons

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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16
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the spinal cord

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17
Q

Visceral PNS/Autonomic nervous system

A

-Involuntary vegetative
-Innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands
-Non-voluntary emotional reactions like butterflies in stomach/blushing

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18
Q

Visceral Sensory

A

Blood pressure, oxygen content in blood

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19
Q

Visceral motor: contraction/relaxation of:

A

-Smooth muscle in walls of intestines and blood vessels
-Cardiac muscle
-Secretory function in glands

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20
Q

Afferent

A

(“Carry to”) Carry information toward a particular point

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21
Q

Efferent

A

(“Carry from”) Carry information away from a point

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22
Q

The Cranial Nerves

A

-12 nerves from brain stem (Numbered anterior to posterior
-Mostly innervate the head
-Some are axons from CNS, somatic PNS, or visceral PNS

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23
Q

Meninges

A

-Greek for “covering”
-3 membranes that surround the CNS

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24
Q

Dura Mater

A

-Latin for “hard mother”—leather-like consistency
-Tough, inelastic bag

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25
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

-Greek for “spider”
-Subdural hemtoma (bleed) in the subdural space compresses brain and disrupts function (drill/drain)

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26
Q

Pia Mater

A

-Latin for “gentle mother”
-Thin membrane that adheres to the brain’s surface
-Blood vessels that innervate the brain
-Seperated from arachnoid by fluid-filled space=subarachnoid space

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27
Q

Ventricles

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled caverns and canals inside brain

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28
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Specialized tissue in ventricles that secretes CSF

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29
Q

How does CSF moves through the ventricles?

A

It circulates through the ventricles and exits into aubarachnoid space through apertures (small openings) and is absorbed by the blood vessels: arachnoid villi

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30
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

-“Water on the brain”
-Flow of CSF is impaired so ventricles swell and compress CNS

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31
Q

What is the treatment of hydrocephalus?

A

Inserting a tube into the ventricle to drain off excess fluid into peritoneal cavity

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32
Q

The direction closest to the rat’s nose traveling from the tail up through the spinal column is called

A

Rostral

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33
Q

What part of your brain functions as the movement control center?

A

Cerebellum

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34
Q

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the feeling of butterflies in your stomach?

A

Autonomic NS

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35
Q

Which of the meninges derives its name from the Latin phrase for hard mother?

A

Dura mater

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36
Q

What term means water on the brain?

A

Hydrocephalus

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37
Q

Which technique measures activity in the brain by comparing the oxygenation levels of hemoglobin?

A

fMRI

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38
Q

From which part of the neural tube does the nervous system originate?

A

Ectoderm

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39
Q

The hindbrain is also called the

A

Rhombencephalon

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40
Q

What is the axonal bridge that links the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

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41
Q

Bumps on the surface of the cerebral cortex are called

A

Gyri

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42
Q

Describe the CLARITY method and why it’s used

A

-It renders tissue optically clear
-Replaces light-absorbing lipids w/ water soluble gel
-Used for seeing flourescently-labeled cells

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43
Q

CT

A

-Generates image of brain slice
-X-ray beams used to generate data for digitally reconstructed image

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44
Q

MRI

A

-Hydrogen atoms respond in the brain to perturbations of a strong magnetic field
-More detail, doesn’t need X-irradation
-Brain slice image in any plane

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45
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

A

-Visualizes large bundles of axons
-Compares position of hydrogen atoms in water molecules over time
-Water diffuses more readily alongside axons than across them

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46
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

-Radioactive solution in blood stream emits positrons
-Measures metabolic brain activity
-Disadvantages: Spatial resolution is 5-10 nm, radiation exposure, 1 scan may take several minutes

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47
Q

fMRI

A

-Detects increased neuronal activity by measuring the ratio of oxyhemaglobin to deoxyhemoglobin
-More activity means more donated oxygen
-Advantages over PET: Rapid scans (50 msec), Good spatial resolution, noninvasive, no radiation

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48
Q

What does the CNS form from?

A

The walls of a fluid-filled neural tube

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49
Q

Endoderm

A

Lining of many internal organs

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50
Q

Mesoderm

A

Bones and muscles

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51
Q

Ectoderm

A

Nervous system and skin
—>Neural plate: nervous system

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52
Q

Neurulation

A

Neural plate becomes the neural tube

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53
Q

Neural groove forms:

A

Groove in the neural plate, runs from rostral to caudal

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54
Q

What forms from the walls of the groove?

A

Neural folds, which fuse to form the neural tube

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55
Q

What does the neural tube form?

A

The entire CNS

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56
Q

Neural crest

A

Some of neural ectoderm is pinched off and lies just lateral to the neural tube

57
Q

Somites

A

-Mesoderm forms bulges on either side of the neural tube
-Forms spinal vertebrae, skeletal muscle

58
Q

Somatic Motor Nerve

A

Nerves innervating the skeletal muscles

59
Q

Anencephaly

A

-Anterior failure to close
-Degeneration of forebrain and skull
-Fatal

60
Q

Spina Bifida

A

-Posterior failure to close
-Most severe: Posterior spinal cord may fail to form
-Less severe: Defects in meninges/vertebrae
-Requires extensive and costly medical care

61
Q

How can you prevent a large number of neural tube defects?

A

Vitamin folic acid

62
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the neural tube?

A

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

63
Q

Prosencephalon

A

-Pro is Greek for before, encephalon for brain
-Forebrain

64
Q

Mesencephalon

A

-Midbrain

65
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

-Hindbrain
-Connects to caudal neural tube, which forms the spinal cord

66
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which structures become complex and specialized

67
Q

Optic Vesicles

A

-Grow and invaginate to form the optic cups (retina) and optic stalk (optic nerve)
—>Retina and optic nerve are part of CNS

68
Q

What is produced from the telencephalic vesicles?

A

Telencephalon (end brain)

69
Q

Diencephalon

A

“between brain”, is in the middle

70
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulbs, basal telencephalon

71
Q

How do telencephalic vesicles grow?

A

Posteriorly, over and lateral to the diencephalon

72
Q

Where do olfactory bulbs sprout off of?

A

The Ventral surface

73
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

74
Q

Cortical white matter

A

Axons to/from cerebral cortex

75
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Axonal bridge b/t cerebral hemispheres

76
Q

Internal capsule

A

Links the cortex w/ the brainstem/thalamus

77
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

-Analyze sensory input and command motor output
-Conscious awareness, cognition, perceptions
-Info. from the senses gets sent to the cortex

78
Q

Thalamus

A

-Gateway to the cortex
-Vision, audition, somatic sensation synapse in thalamus before cortex

79
Q

Voluntary movement

A

-Corticospinal tract
-Basal ganglia

80
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

Axons form cortex directly to spinal cord

81
Q

What do axons from thalamus to cortex, or cortex to thalamus pass through?

A

The internal capsule

82
Q

How do axons carry information?

A

Contralateral side of the body

83
Q

How does hypothalamus control visceral nervous system?

A

-Fight/flight response
-Controls ANS: HR, BP
-Controls body temp.
-Motivates animals to find food/drink/sex in response to needs
-Directs pituitary to release hormones

84
Q

Amygdala

A

-Fear conditioning
-Memory
-Emotional responses

85
Q

What does the dorsal surface become?

A

Tectum

86
Q

Superior colliculus/optic tectum

A

-Direct input from eye
-Controls eye movements
-Cranial nerves III and IV

87
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Direct input from ear, sends to thalamus

88
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

-Contains CSF
-Connects rostrally w/ the 3rd ventricle

89
Q

Corticospinal Tract

A

-Info. conduit from spinal cord to forebrain and vice versa, sensory systems, control of movements
-Damage causes impairment on contralateral side

90
Q

What does the floor of the midbrain become?

A

Tegementum

91
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

-Black substance; neuromelanin in dopaminergic neurons
-Control of voluntary movement

92
Q

Red Nucleus

A

-Pale pink (iron)
-Control of voluntary movement

93
Q

Mentecephalon

A

Rostral

94
Q

Cerebellum

A

-Movement control center —> coordination
-Inputs from spinal cord and pons (goals from cortex)

95
Q

Pons

A

-Latin for “bridge”
-90% of descending axons from midbrain synapse here
-Relay info to cerebellum

96
Q

Myelencephalon

A

-Caudal
-Medulla oblongata

97
Q

Is there a 4th ventricle?

A

Yes

98
Q

Rostral development

A

Rhombic lip along dorsal-lateral wall grows dorsally and medially
—>fusion into cerebellum

99
Q

The ventral and lateral walls swell to form?

A

Medulla

100
Q

Cochlear Nuclei

A

-Hearing
-Axons of auditory nerves synapse here
-Send axons to inferior colliculus and others
-Damage lead to deafness

101
Q

Touch

A

Somatic sensory information from spinal cord to thalamus

102
Q

Taste

A

From tongue to thalamus
-Cranial nerve XII: Tongue motor neurons

103
Q

Medullary pyramids

A

-White matter tracts
-Axons don’t synapse in pons
-Most from cortex (CST)

104
Q

Pyramidal Decussation

A

Axons cross to the other side of the midline

105
Q

What does the ependymal layer form?

A

Roof of the 4th ventricle

106
Q

Caudal neural tube expands to form?

A

Spinal cord

107
Q

Does the spinal canal contain CSF?

A

Yes

108
Q

What does the cross section of the differentiation of the spinal cord look like?

A

Has a gray matter butterfly appearance

109
Q

Dorsal horn

A

-Upper part of butterfly wings
-Recieve sensory input from dorsal root fibers

110
Q

Ventral Horn

A

-Lower part of butterfly wings
-Motor neurons project axons to muscle

111
Q

Intermediate Zone

A

-In b/t dorsal horn and ventral horn
-Interneurons that shape motor outputs in response to sensory inputs and descending outputs from the brain

112
Q

What does the white matter consist of?

A

Dorsal columns, lateral columns, ventral columns

113
Q

Dorsal Columns

A

-Somatic sensory (touch) information toward the brain
-Descussate (cross) and synpase in medulla —> right brain feels left body

114
Q

Lateral Columns

A

-Descending corticospinal tract (CST;voluntary movement)
-Cross in medulla
-Innervate intermediate zone and ventral horn

115
Q

Spinal Cord Function

A

-Relay information from skin, joints, muscles to brain and vice versa
-Beginning analysis of sensory information
-Coordinating movements
-Simple reflexes

116
Q

What are the differences in rat and human brains?

A

Sulci and Gyri, smaller human olfactory bulb, growth of cerebral hemisphere: temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital

117
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves

118
Q

Gyri

A

Bumps

119
Q

What do the sulci and gyri do for the human brain?

A

Increased surface area of the brain

120
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing

121
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Executive function/memory/motor function/etc.

122
Q

Central sulcus

A

Posterior border of frontal lobe

123
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory/language

124
Q

Occipitial lobe

A

Vision

125
Q

What are common features of the cerebral cortex in vertebrates?

A
  1. Cell bodies in layers/sheets parallel to surface of brain
  2. Surface layer separated from pia mater, layer I or molecular layer
  3. Large apical dendrites from pyramidal cells form multiple branches in layer I
126
Q

Hippocampus

A

-Greek for “seahorse”
-Single layer of cells, folded
-Limbic system
-Learning and memory

127
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

-2 cell layers
-Continuous w/ olfactory bulb

128
Q

Neocortex

A

Found only in mammals

129
Q

What separates olfactory cortex from neocortex

A

Rhinal fissure

130
Q

Area 17

A

Visual cortex

131
Q

Area 4

A

Motor cortex

132
Q

Smallest function unit

A

-Neocortical column

133
Q

What is the conncectome of the neocortex?

A

Detailed wiring diagram of connections

134
Q

Primary Sensory Areas

A

First to recieve signals

135
Q

Secondary Sensory Areas

A

Heavy connections w/ primary areas

136
Q

Motor Areas

A

Control of voluntary movement

137
Q

What are more recent evolutions of association areas of cortex?

A

-The “mind”
-Interpreting behaviour in terms of unobservable mental states

138
Q

Which is NOT common to most mammals?

A

Association

Neurobiology (8 decks)

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