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Anatomy ch. 7:upper extremity > Chapter 7: Upper extremity > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Upper extremity Flashcards

1
Q

Boney landmarks of the shoulder region

A 
Clavicle:
Spine 
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid fossa 
Humerus:
Head 
Neck
Greater tubercule
Lesser tubercle 
Intertubercular groove
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2
Q

Joints of the shoulder girdle

A 
1. Sternoclavicular joint  
        Articulating bones 
         -sternum 
         -clavicle 
        Type of joint: Saddle 
2. Acromioclavicular joint 
        Articulating bones 
         -scapula 
         -clavicle 
        Type of joint: gliding 
3. Scapulothoracic joint 
        Articulating bones 
         -scapula 
         -thorax 
        Type of joint 
         -not a true joint
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3
Q

Movements of the shoulder girdle

A

SCAPULAR:
Elevation-depression
Abduction-adduction
Upward rotation-downward rotation

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4
Q

Shoulder joint structure

A

Technical name: glenohumeral joint
Articulating bones: humerus, scapula
Articulating landmarks: head of humerus, glenoid fossa of scapula
Type of joint: ball-and-socket

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5
Q

Movements of the shoulder joint

A

SHOULDER:
Flexion-Extension
Abduction-Adduction
External-Internal Rotation

SPECIALIZED:
Horizontal abduction-Horizontal adduction

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6
Q

Shoulder joint capsule

A

Loose but still vital for stability

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7
Q

Shoulder joint key ligament

A

Coracoacromial: key ligament for preventing severe dislocation of the humerus and frequently involved with impingement syndromes.

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8
Q

Specialized structures of the shoulder joint

A
  1. Coracoacromial arch:
    Components: coracoacromial ligament+coracoid process+acromion process
    Function: provides protective shelf over head of humerus and helps prevent superior dislocation of the humerus
  2. Glenoid labrum
    Description: fibrocartilage rim
    Function: joint stability and shock absorption
  3. Bursa:
    Description: bursa located below coracromial arch
    Function: cushion rotator cuff muscles from overlying coracoacromial arch
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9
Q

Scapular muscles and their actions

A

Posterior scapular muscles: (common action=scapular adduction)
A. Components: trapezius
Upper: scapular elevation
Scapular upward rotation
Scapular adduction
Middle: scapular adduction
Lower: scapular Depression
Scapular upward rotation
Scapular adduction

  1. Levator scapulae: scapular elevation
    scapular downward rot.
    scapular adduction
  2. Rhomboids: scapular elevation
    scapular adduction
    scapular downward rotation
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10
Q

Anterior scapular muscles

A
  1. Serratus Anterior: scapular abduction
    scapular upward rotation
    scapular depression(lf)
  2. Pectoralis minor
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11
Q

Rotator cuff muscles and actions

A
  1. Supraspinatus: shoulder abduction
    stabilization of shoulder
  2. Infraspinatus: shoulder external rotation
    Stabilization of shoulder
    Shoulder horizontal abduction
    Component of SIT force coupl
  3. Teres minor: same as infraspinatus
    4.subscapularis: shoulder internal rotation
    Stabilization of shoulder
    Component of SIT force coupl
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12
Q

Other glenohumeral muscles and actions

A
  1. Pectoralis major:
    Clavicle portion- shoulder flexion
    Shoulder abduction ^90
    Shoulder adduction
    Sternal portion- shoulder extension
    Shoulder adduction
  2. Deltoid:
    Anterior- shoulder flexion
    Shoulder horizontal adduction
    Shoulder internal rotation
    Middle- shoulder abduction
    Shoulder horizontal abduction
    Posterior- shoulder extension
    Shoulder horizontal abduction
    Shoulder external rotation
  3. Latissimus dorsi: shoulder extension
    Shoulder adduction
    Shoulder horizontal abduc.
    Shoulder internal rotation
    Depression of humerus
  4. Teres major: shoulder extension
    Shoulder adduction
    Shoulder horizontal abduction
    Shoulder internal rotation
    Depression of humerus
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13
Q

Alignment and common deviations of the shoulder complex (Rolled Shoulders)

A

Description of rolled shoulders:
Position involving scapular abduction, shoulder internal rotation and in some cases, thoracic kyphosis of the spine.

  1. Correction:
    A.strengthening: scapular adductors
    Shoulder external rotators
    Thoracic spinal extensors
    B. Exercise: double shoulder external rotation with upper back arch
    C. Stretch: shower internal rotators
    D. Exercise: sitting arms overhead stretch
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14
Q

Winged scapula

A
  1. Description: medial border or lower angle of scapula projects backwards versus lying flat against ribcage.
  2. Correction
    A. Strengthen: serratus anterior, lower trapezius
    Exercise: push up plus and rows
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15
Q

Shoulder mechanics

A

Scapulohumeral rhythm
SIT force couple
Synergies

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16
Q

Scapulohumeral rhythm

A

Coordinated, linked, predictable movement between the scapula and humerus that functions to facilitate optimal shoulder mechanics.

Example: upward rotation of the scapula with shoulder abduction

17
Q

SIT Force couple

A

Members of the rotator cuff muscles:
Subscapularis
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

Definition: the sit force couple acts to counter the upward pull of the deltoid muscle and facilitate desired shoulder abduction.

18
Q

Synergies

A

Definition: use of a muscle or muscles to neutralize undesired actions of the prime mover(s)

Upward rotation of the scapula

19
Q

Muscular analysis of fundamental shoulder movements

A

A. Shoulder flexion:
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: mediolateral
Primary muscles: anterior deltoid, pectoralis major
Sample movements: up phase of front arm raise or push up

B. Shoulder extension
Plane: Sagittal
Axis: mediolateral
Primary muscles: latissimua dorsi, pectoralis major
Sample movements: back phase of sitting row.

C. Shoulder abduction:
Plane: frontal
Axis: anteroposterior
Primary muscles: middle deltoid, supraspinatus
Sample movements: up phase of side arm raise

D. Shoulder adduction
Plane: frontal
Axis: anterioposterior
Primary muscles: latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major
Sample movements: down phase of single arm pull.

E. Shoulder external rotation
Plane: horizontal
Axis: vertical
Primary muscles: infraspinatus, teres minor
Sample movement: out phase of double external rotation

F. Shoulder internal rotation
Plane: horizontal
Axis: vertical
Primary muscles: subscapularis, teres major
Movement: in phase of single shoulder internal rotation.

20
Q

Special considerations for the shoulder complex in dance

A
  1. Lifting the shoulders
  2. Wide scapulae
  3. Connection of the arms to torso
  4. Partnering and arm support of body weight
21
Q

Elbow joint structure and movements

A

Compromised of: humeroulnar
Articulating bones: humerus and ulna
Landmarks: trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
B. Humeroradial
Articulating bones: humerus and radius
Landmarks: capitulum of humerus and head of radius

  1. Hinge joint
  2. Flexion-extension
  3. Alignment: carrying angle- lateral deviation of the axis of the forearm relative to the axis of the humerus In anatomical position.
    B. Elbow hyper extension
22
Q

Key muscles of elbow

A

A. Anterior elbow muscles

 1. Biceps brachii: elbow flexion, radioulnar supination 
 2. Brachialis: elbow flexion

B. Posterior elbow muscles
1. Triceps brachii: elbow extension

23
Q

Radioulnar joint structure

A
  1. Upper radioulnar joint: pivot
  2. Lower radioulnar joint: pivot
  3. Movements: pronation-supination
24
Q

Key muscles of radioulnar joints

A

A. Pronator teres:
Location: proximal forearm, anterior surface
Action: radioulnar pronation
B. Pronator quadratus:
Location: distal forearm, anterior surface
Action: radioulnar pronation
C. Supinator:
Location: proximal forearm, posterolateral
Action: radioulnar supination
D. Biceps brachii:
Location: anterior arm
Action: radioulnar supination and elbow flexion.

25
Q

Wrist joint structure

A
  1. Articulating bones: radius, ulna, carpals

2. Condyloid joint

26
Q

First carpometacarpal joint (of thumb)

A

Articulating bones: carpal and 1st metacarpal

Type of joint: saddle

27
Q

Prevention of upper extremity injuries in dancers

A
  1. Rotator cuff strength (shoulder external rotators)
  2. Scapular stabilization strength ( scapular
    Depressors)
    3.Balanced strength and flexibility of muscles for large movements of the shoulder. ( other glenohumeral muscles)
  3. Normal scapulohumeral rhythm (shoulder flexion and abduction)
28
Q

Common types of upper extremity injuries

A
  1. AcromioClavicar sprain: ligaments of the acromiclavicilar joint.
    Symptoms: severe pain in the AC area aggravated by movements of the arm.
  2. Shoulder dislocation:
    Location: shoulder capsule, ligaments, and sometimes glenoid labrum torn as humerus moves forward.
    Symptoms: extreme pain and often the need to support the arm.
  3. Shoulder impingement syndrome
    Location: pinching of soft tissue between the head of the humerus and the overlying coracoacromial arch. Supraspinatus tendon most common structure involved.
    Symptoms: pain in shoulder aggravated by overhead motions of arm (abduction)
  4. Carpal tunnel syndrome:
    Location: compression of median nerve and flexors of fingers in carpal tunnel/canal
    Symptoms: numbness and tingling of fingers aggravated by wrist flexion; grip weakness.
29
Q

Bones of the shoulder complex & Shoulder girdle

A

Complex:
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus

Girdle:
Clavicle
Scapula

Anatomy ch. 7:upper extremity (1 decks)

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