Chapter 7 urology And Nephrology

Question 1

Urinary System

Answer 1

Performs a number of vital functions, maintains blood volume and the proper balance of water, electrolytes, and PH(acid-base balance). It ensures that key substances such as glucose remain in the bloodstream, yet it also removes a variety of toxic wastes from the blood

Question 2

Urine

Answer 2

The body eliminates water and other substances removed from blood in the form of this. The kidneys regulation of water and other important substances in blood is an example of homeostasis, the body’s ability to maintain an appropriate internal environmental despite changing conditions.

Question 3

Urea

Answer 3

The liver cells convert the ammonia into this where the kidneys remove it efficiently from the blood and pass it into the urine.

Question 4

Genitourinary System

Answer 4

Often used with men, the urinary and reproductive systems proximity In women and their shared structures in men are due to the common embryonic origin of their tissues.

Question 5

Nephrology

Answer 5

The medical specialty devoted to kidney disorders.

Question 6

Urology

Answer 6

The surgical specialty devoted to care of the entire urinary system in women and the genitourinary system in men.

Question 7

Renal

Answer 7

Refers to conditions primarily affecting the kidneys

Question 8

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Answer 8

Noncancerous enlargement of the prostrate gland, affects about 60 percent of men by age 50 and 80 percent by age 80. If urine flow is obstructed a medical emergency involving sharp pain and inability to urinate may result.

Question 9

Preventive strategies

Answer 9

Steps to minimize the likelihood of any further loss of functions.

Question 10

Flanks

Answer 10

Small areas of the left and right back

Question 11

Kidney

Answer 11

In a young healthy adult is about the size of a fist and contains about 1 million nephrons

Question 12

Nephrons

Answer 12

The microscopic structures that produce urine

Question 13

Helium

Answer 13

The renal artery and vein, as well as nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the uterer, pass into the kidney through te noticed region called:

Question 14

Cortex

Answer 14

The tissue of the kidney itself visibly divided into an outer region:

Question 15

Medulla

Answer 15

The tissue of the kidney itself is visibly divided into an inner region:

Question 16

Pyramids

Answer 16

Medullary tissue is divided into fan-shaped regions or :

Question 17

Papilla

Answer 17

Each pyramid ends in a portion of tissue called:

Question 18

Renal Pelvis

Answer 18

The hollow space where the papilla projects

Question 19

Glomerulus

Answer 19

Blood that has entered the kidney through the renal artery flows through successively smaller vessels until it reaches:

Question 20

Bowman’s Capsule

Answer 20

A cluster of capillaries surrounded by: Which is a cup shaped hollow structure that is the first part of the nephron where water also enters

Question 21

Glomerular Filtration reabsorption

Answer 21

One of the processes of the formation of urine, this reabsorption of substances from the Renal tubule into blood, and secretion of substances from blood into the renal tubule

Question 22

Filtrate

Answer 22

The fluid formed in the capsule, roughly resembles blood plasma except for the absence of proteins

Question 23

Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 23

The rate in which blood is filtered which is averaged to about 180L/day

Question 24

Simple diffusion

Answer 24

Molecules small enough to pass through a cell membrane move into and out of the cell randomly.

Question 25

Osmosis

Answer 25

The process in which water molecules move so that the concentrations pf particular;les dissolved in water (or osmolarity) approach equivalence on both sides of a membrane

Question 26

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 26

Molecules still move from the region of higher concentration to that of lower concentration

Question 27

Active Transport

Answer 27

The only process that can produce a net movement of molecules from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration

Question 28

Diuresis

Answer 28

Healthy kidneys can produce urine with an osmolarity as low as one-sixth the osmolar concentration of blood plasma, an action termed:

Question 29

Antidiuresis

Answer 29

The result of this hormonal activity, can form a very concentrated urine with an osmolarity as high as four times that of plasma

Question 30

Osmotic Diuresis

Answer 30

At excessively high blood glucose levels so much glucose enters the filtrate that the proximal tubules transport capacity to reabsorption it is insufficient, when this occurs, as in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus, the body loses not only glucose but laso large amounts of water through:

Question 31

Creatinine

Answer 31

Another waste pride time of metabolism, has larger molecules than urea and is not reabsorped

Question 32

Erythropoietin

Answer 32

The body produces about 90 percent, a hormone that results the rate at which erythrocytes mature in bone marrow

Question 33

Urinary bladder

Answer 33

The anterior most organ in the pelvis of both men and women, stores urine

Question 34

Urethra

Answer 34

The duct that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body. In women, the urethra is only about 3-4 cm long and opens to the external environment via a small orifice just anterior to that of the vagina. In men the urethra is about 20 cm long and ends at the tip of the penis

Question 35

Testes

Answer 35

The primarily male reproductive organs. The produce both the hormones responsible for sexual maturation and sperm cells

Question 36

Sperm Cells

Answer 36

Male sex cells

Question 37

Scrotum

Answer 37

The testes lie outside the abdomen in a muscular sac called:

Question 38

Epididymis

Answer 38

Sperm cells pass from the testis into: A small sac where they are stored.

Question 39

Prostate gland

Answer 39

Surrounds the male urinary bladder neck, the first part of the urethra runs through its tissue

Question 40

Semen

Answer 40

The prostate gland is a major source of the fluid that combines with the sperm to form:

Question 41

Penis

Answer 41

The male organ of copulation. It’s spongy internal tissues fill with blood to produce penile erection.

Question 42

Circumcision

Answer 42

The skin covering the end of the penis, the foreskin, is often surgically removed in infancy through:

Question 43

Visceral Pain

Answer 43

Usually arises to hollow structures such as the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, or the vas deferens or epididymis in males.

Question 44

Referred pain

Answer 44

Felt in a location other than its site of origin.

Question 45

Acute Kidney Injury

Answer 45

Also called acute renal failure

Question 46

Oliguria

Answer 46

A sudden (often over period of days) drop in urine output to less than 400 to 500 mL per day

Question 47

Anuria

Answer 47

Output may literally fall to zero, a condition called:

Question 48

Microangiopathy

Answer 48

The first process that causes AKI that is an injury to a small blood vessel or glomerular capillaries.

Question 49

Renal AKI

Answer 49

The pathological process is within the kidney tissue, or renal parenchyma

Question 50

Acute tubular necrosis

Answer 50

Tubular cell death, can follow prerenal AKI or can develop directly due to toxin deposition.

Question 51

Interstitial nephritis

Answer 51

A chronic inflammatory process also commonly due to toxic compounds including drugs(antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretic), can also result in renal AKI.

Question 52

Postrenal AKI

Answer 52

The third form of AKI, originates in a structure distal to the kidney, the ureters, bladder, or urethras.

Question 53

Chronic kidney disease

Answer 53

Also called chronic renal failure, is inadequate kidney function due to permanent loss of nephrons

Question 54

End stage renal failure

Answer 54

Also known as End stage kidney disease, when this stage is reached a patient must have either dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive.

Question 55

Reduced nephron mass

Answer 55

This characteristic loss of nephron is also visible at the level of gross anatomy as shrunken, scarred kidneys, or reduced renal mass.

Question 56

Isosthenuria

Answer 56

The inability to concentrate or dilute urine

Question 57

Glucose intolerance

Answer 57

Any hypoglycemic effect is overshadowed, however, by the significant hyperglycemia effect in most patients due to cellular resistance to insulin.

Question 58

Renal dialysis

Answer 58

The artificial replacement of some of the kidneys most critical functions, is a fact of life for most patients with CKD and end stage disease.

Question 59

Peritoneal dialysis

Answer 59

The patients blood flows past a semipermeable membrane that has a special cleansing fluid on the other side that is hypo-osmolar to blood for a number of impurities and critical substances.

Question 60

Dialysate

Answer 60

As the blood flows over the membrane, these substances in blood move into hypo-osmolar solution called “ “ and their concentrations in blood are thus reduced.

Question 61

Hemodialysis

Answer 61

The patients blood is passed through a machine that contains an artificial membrane and the dialysate solution.

Question 62

Kidney Stones

Answer 62

Are more common in the warmer months, usually summer and fall. Kidney stones also tend to be more common in the southern United States,

Question 63

Priapism

Answer 63

A painful and prolonged erection of the penis, affects only corpora cavernosa

Question 64

testicular torsion

Answer 64

The twisting of the spermatic cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the testicle and surrounding structures within the scrotum.

Question 65

Urinary tract infection

Answer 65

Affects the urethra, bladder, or kidney, as well as the prostate gland in men.

Question 66

Urethritis

Answer 66

Inflammation secondary to urethral infection, is very uncommon. Infection to the urethra

Question 67

Cystitis

Answer 67

Infection of the lining of the bladder

Question 68

Pyelonephristis

Answer 68

An infectious inflammation of the renal parenchyma: nephrons, interstitial tissue, or both. Ten times more common in women than men.

Question 69

Intrarenal abscesses

Answer 69

Form within the renal parenchyma

Question 70

Perinephric abscesses

Answer 70

If intrarenal abscesses rupture and spill their contents into the adjacent fatty tissue may result in :

Question 71

Number one cause of a pripiaism

Answer 71

Sickle cell anemia