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AP Environmental Science > Chapter 8, 10, & 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 8, 10, & 11 Flashcards

0
Q

Malnourished

A

Diet lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbs, etc.

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1
Q

Undernutrition

A

Not consuming enough calories

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2
Q

Over nutrition

A

Too many calories in a diet

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3
Q

Largest component in diet

A

Grains

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4
Q

Second largest part of diet

A

Meat

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5
Q

USA’s two largest crop and use

A

Corn and soybeans

Animal feed

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6
Q

More food in future?

A

More people too

Positive feedback system

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7
Q

Norman Borlaug

A

First to create a GMO with grain in the 1940s

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8
Q

Water logging

A

Soil remained under water for prolonged time

Impairs root growth because lack of oxygen

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9
Q

Salinization

A

Salts in irrigation water builds on the soil surface

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10
Q

Mono cropping

A

Large amounts of a single crop and all of it is harvested at once and soil is subject to erosion

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11
Q

Resistance

A

Pest population may evolve resistance to a pesticide over time

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12
Q

Pesticide treadmill

A

The cycle of pesticide development followed by pest resistance and development of a new pesticide

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13
Q

Broad spectrum pesticides

A

Designed to kill many different types of pests

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14
Q

Selective pesticides

A

Designed to kill a narrow range of organisms

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15
Q

GMO effects (2)

A

Effects biodiversity of crop

Safety for human consumption

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16
Q

Conventional agriculture

A

Industrial agriculture where labor is reduced and machinery is used

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17
Q

Shifting agriculture

A

Using area with nutrient poor soil and cycling through different plots over several years

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18
Q

Desertification

A

When soil is degraded to a point of no repair

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19
Q

Intercropping

A

2 or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time

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20
Q

Crop rotation

A

Rotating crop species from season to season

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21
Q

Agroforestry

A

Intercropping trees with vegetables

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22
Q

Contour plowing

A

Plowing and harvesting parallel to the land to prevent erosion

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23
Q

No till agriculture

A

Helps stop soil degradation by leaving crop residues in fields after harvesting

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24
Q

Integrated pest management

A

Using a variety of techniques to minimize pesticide inputs

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25
Q

CAFOs concentrated animal feeding operations

A

Large structures where animals are being raised in high density numbers

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26
Q

Fishery collapse

A

Decline of 90% or more

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27
Q

By catch

A

Unintentional catch of non target species like sharks or turtles

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28
Q

Dredging

A

Using large nets

Damages ocean bottom habitats

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29
Q

Aquaculture

A

Farming or aquatic organisms

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30
Q

Persistent pesticides

A

Remain in environment for a long time

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31
Q

Non-persistent pesticides

A

Breaks down relatively rapidly (weeks to months)

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32
Q

Chapter 8 example

A

Sustainability of hybrid vehicles

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33
Q

When earth was formed

A

4.6 billion yrs ago

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34
Q

Core

A

Innermost zone of planet made of nickel and iron

Inner core solid while outer core liquid– gives us magnetic field

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35
Q

Mantle

A

2nd most inner layer

Contains magma– convection currents driving plate tectonics

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36
Q

Crust

A

Outermost layer of planet

Contains basement rock for ocean and continents

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37
Q

Lithosphere

A

Crust and solid upper mantle

38
Q

Continental crust

A

Mostly granitic, lighter than ocean crust made of mostly si and o

39
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Mostly basaltic made of fe and mg

Sub ducts beneath continental crust

40
Q

Hotspots

A

Where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere

41
Q

Theory of Plate Tectonics

A

Earths lithosphere is divided into plates most of which are in constant motion

42
Q

Divergent plate boundaries

A

Plates moving apart

43
Q

Convergent plate boundaries

A

Plates moving toward one another and colliding

44
Q

Transform fault boundaries

A

Plates move sideways past each other

45
Q

Fault zone

A

Large expanses of rock where movement has occurred

46
Q

Epicenter

A

The exact point of the surface of Earth directly above the location where a rock ruptures

47
Q

Richter scale

A

Measure of ground movement during earthquake

Scale increases by a factor of ten

48
Q

Igneous rock

A

Forms directly from magma

49
Q

Intrusive igneous

A

Forms within earth as magma cools

50
Q

Extrusive igneous

A

Forms when magma cools at Earth’s surface

51
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Forms when sediment such as mud sand or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments

52
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Forms when sedimentary igneous or other rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures

53
Q

Physical weathering

A

Mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals

54
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions

55
Q

Erosion

A

Physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape

Wind water ice and organisms can erode

56
Q

Deposition

A

Accumulation of eroded material such as sediment rock fragments or soil

57
Q

Chapter 10 example

A

Tree sitter against maxxam

58
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

Tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self interest for short term gain

59
Q

Externalities

A

Cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in purchase price of product or service

60
Q

Maximum sustainable yield

A

The max. Amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising its future availability

61
Q

rangeland

A

Dry open grasslands primarily used for cattle grazing

62
Q

Clear cutting

A

Removing all trees

63
Q

Selective cutting

A

Removing small numbers of trees from a forest

64
Q

National environmental policy act

A

Mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or permits

65
Q

Environmental impact statement

A

Outlines the scope and purpose of the project

66
Q

Environmental mitigation plan

A

Outlines how the developer will address concerns raised by the projects impact in the environment

67
Q

Suburban

A

Areas surrounding metropolitan centers with low population densities

68
Q

Exurban

A

Similar to suburban areas, but are not connected to any central city or densely populated area

69
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The creation of urbanized areas that spread into rural areas

70
Q

4 concerns with urban sprawl

A

Highway construction
Living costs
Urban blight
Government policies

71
Q

Zoning

A

Planning too, to create quieter and safer communities

72
Q

Smart growth

A

Mixed land uses

73
Q

Chapter 11 example

A

Sustainable farmer

74
Q

Where is an intraplate hotspot occurring?

A

Hawaii

75
Q

What is the cause of tsunamis?

A

Sub oceanic earthquakes caused by plate activity rupture

76
Q

Sand size

A

.05-2 mm

77
Q

Silt size

A

.002-.05 mm

78
Q

Clay size

A

<.002 mm

79
Q

0 horizon

A

Organic layer

80
Q

A horizon

A

Topsoil

81
Q

B horizon

A

Subsoil

82
Q

C horizon

A

Parent material

83
Q

Porosity

A

How quickly soil drains depending on texture

84
Q

Base saturation

A

The proportion of bases to acids in the soil

Bases grow plants better

85
Q

Cation exchange capacity

A

The ability for soil to absorb and release cations

Positively charged mineral ions

86
Q

Strip mining

A

Removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore

87
Q

Open pit mining

A

The creation of a large pit that is visible to the surface

88
Q

Mountain top removal

A

Removing the entire top of mountain with explosives

89
Q

Placer mining

A

Looking for metal and stones in river sediments

90
Q

Subsurface mining

A

Going below 100 meters to mine

91
Q

Mining control act

A

Surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977

92
Q

Specific integrated pest management strategies

A

Create habitat for predators
Pest resistant crop varieties
Intercropping
Limited use of pesticides

AP Environmental Science (1 decks)

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