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AP Environmental Science > Chapter 8, 10, & 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 8, 10, & 11 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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0
Q

Malnourished

A

Diet lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbs, etc.

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1
Q

Undernutrition

A

Not consuming enough calories

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2
Q

Over nutrition

A

Too many calories in a diet

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3
Q

Largest component in diet

A

Grains

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4
Q

Second largest part of diet

A

Meat

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5
Q

USA’s two largest crop and use

A

Corn and soybeans

Animal feed

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6
Q

More food in future?

A

More people too

Positive feedback system

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7
Q

Norman Borlaug

A

First to create a GMO with grain in the 1940s

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8
Q

Water logging

A

Soil remained under water for prolonged time

Impairs root growth because lack of oxygen

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9
Q

Salinization

A

Salts in irrigation water builds on the soil surface

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10
Q

Mono cropping

A

Large amounts of a single crop and all of it is harvested at once and soil is subject to erosion

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11
Q

Resistance

A

Pest population may evolve resistance to a pesticide over time

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12
Q

Pesticide treadmill

A

The cycle of pesticide development followed by pest resistance and development of a new pesticide

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13
Q

Broad spectrum pesticides

A

Designed to kill many different types of pests

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14
Q

Selective pesticides

A

Designed to kill a narrow range of organisms

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15
Q

GMO effects (2)

A

Effects biodiversity of crop

Safety for human consumption

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16
Q

Conventional agriculture

A

Industrial agriculture where labor is reduced and machinery is used

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17
Q

Shifting agriculture

A

Using area with nutrient poor soil and cycling through different plots over several years

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18
Q

Desertification

A

When soil is degraded to a point of no repair

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19
Q

Intercropping

A

2 or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time

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20
Q

Crop rotation

A

Rotating crop species from season to season

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21
Q

Agroforestry

A

Intercropping trees with vegetables

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22
Q

Contour plowing

A

Plowing and harvesting parallel to the land to prevent erosion

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23
Q

No till agriculture

A

Helps stop soil degradation by leaving crop residues in fields after harvesting

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24
Integrated pest management
Using a variety of techniques to minimize pesticide inputs
25
CAFOs concentrated animal feeding operations
Large structures where animals are being raised in high density numbers
26
Fishery collapse
Decline of 90% or more
27
By catch
Unintentional catch of non target species like sharks or turtles
28
Dredging
Using large nets | Damages ocean bottom habitats
29
Aquaculture
Farming or aquatic organisms
30
Persistent pesticides
Remain in environment for a long time
31
Non-persistent pesticides
Breaks down relatively rapidly (weeks to months)
32
Chapter 8 example
Sustainability of hybrid vehicles
33
When earth was formed
4.6 billion yrs ago
34
Core
Innermost zone of planet made of nickel and iron | Inner core solid while outer core liquid-- gives us magnetic field
35
Mantle
2nd most inner layer | Contains magma-- convection currents driving plate tectonics
36
Crust
Outermost layer of planet | Contains basement rock for ocean and continents
37
Lithosphere
Crust and solid upper mantle
38
Continental crust
Mostly granitic, lighter than ocean crust made of mostly si and o
39
Oceanic crust
Mostly basaltic made of fe and mg | Sub ducts beneath continental crust
40
Hotspots
Where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere
41
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Earths lithosphere is divided into plates most of which are in constant motion
42
Divergent plate boundaries
Plates moving apart
43
Convergent plate boundaries
Plates moving toward one another and colliding
44
Transform fault boundaries
Plates move sideways past each other
45
Fault zone
Large expanses of rock where movement has occurred
46
Epicenter
The exact point of the surface of Earth directly above the location where a rock ruptures
47
Richter scale
Measure of ground movement during earthquake | Scale increases by a factor of ten
48
Igneous rock
Forms directly from magma
49
Intrusive igneous
Forms within earth as magma cools
50
Extrusive igneous
Forms when magma cools at Earth's surface
51
Sedimentary rock
Forms when sediment such as mud sand or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
52
Metamorphic rocks
Forms when sedimentary igneous or other rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures
53
Physical weathering
Mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
54
Chemical weathering
Breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions
55
Erosion
Physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape | Wind water ice and organisms can erode
56
Deposition
Accumulation of eroded material such as sediment rock fragments or soil
57
Chapter 10 example
Tree sitter against maxxam
58
Tragedy of the Commons
Tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self interest for short term gain
59
Externalities
Cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in purchase price of product or service
60
Maximum sustainable yield
The max. Amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising its future availability
61
rangeland
Dry open grasslands primarily used for cattle grazing
62
Clear cutting
Removing all trees
63
Selective cutting
Removing small numbers of trees from a forest
64
National environmental policy act
Mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or permits
65
Environmental impact statement
Outlines the scope and purpose of the project
66
Environmental mitigation plan
Outlines how the developer will address concerns raised by the projects impact in the environment
67
Suburban
Areas surrounding metropolitan centers with low population densities
68
Exurban
Similar to suburban areas, but are not connected to any central city or densely populated area
69
Urban sprawl
The creation of urbanized areas that spread into rural areas
70
4 concerns with urban sprawl
Highway construction Living costs Urban blight Government policies
71
Zoning
Planning too, to create quieter and safer communities
72
Smart growth
Mixed land uses
73
Chapter 11 example
Sustainable farmer
74
Where is an intraplate hotspot occurring?
Hawaii
75
What is the cause of tsunamis?
Sub oceanic earthquakes caused by plate activity rupture
76
Sand size
.05-2 mm
77
Silt size
.002-.05 mm
78
Clay size
<.002 mm
79
0 horizon
Organic layer
80
A horizon
Topsoil
81
B horizon
Subsoil
82
C horizon
Parent material
83
Porosity
How quickly soil drains depending on texture
84
Base saturation
The proportion of bases to acids in the soil | Bases grow plants better
85
Cation exchange capacity
The ability for soil to absorb and release cations | Positively charged mineral ions
86
Strip mining
Removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore
87
Open pit mining
The creation of a large pit that is visible to the surface
88
Mountain top removal
Removing the entire top of mountain with explosives
89
Placer mining
Looking for metal and stones in river sediments
90
Subsurface mining
Going below 100 meters to mine
91
Mining control act
Surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977
92
Specific integrated pest management strategies
Create habitat for predators Pest resistant crop varieties Intercropping Limited use of pesticides

AP Environmental Science (1 decks)

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