Chapter 8

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Collection of controlled biochemical reactions that take place within cells.

Question 2

Metabolic pathway

Answer 2

The coordinated series of chemical reactions on which the product from one reaction becomes the substrate for another reaction.

Question 3

ATP

Answer 3

Adenosine triphosphate. Energy carrying molecule found in all cells.

Question 4

Catabolism

Answer 4

Breaking larger molecules into smaller products (exergonic)

Question 5

Anabolism

Answer 5

Builds large molecules from the smaller products of catabolism. Endergonic (requires more energy than released)

Question 6

Exergonic

Answer 6

Releases energy. Catabolism. -free energy. Reactants are greater than products.

Question 7

Endergonic

Answer 7

Require more energy than they release. Anabolism. +free energy. Products are greater than reactants.

Question 8

Oxidation

Answer 8

Oxidation
Is
Loss of electrons

Question 9

Reduction reactions (redox)

Answer 9

Redox
Is
Gain of electrons

Question 10

Electron donor

Answer 10

Release electrons during cellular respiration, release energy.

Question 11

Electron acceptor

Answer 11

Accepts electrons transported by another compound. Oxygen is the final electron receptor in the electron transport chain.

Question 12

Oxidation redox reactions

Answer 12

Oxidation is loss of electrons, gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. Reduction is gain of electrons, loss of oxygen or gain or hydrogen.

Question 13

NAD +

Answer 13

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. (NAD+➡️NADH). Coenzyme, electron/hydrogen acceptor.

Question 14

FAD

Answer 14

Flavin adenine dinucleotide. (FAD➡️FADH2). Electron/hydrogen acceptor.

Question 15

NADH

Answer 15

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H). NAD+➡️NADH. Electron carrier.

Question 16

FADH2

Answer 16

Flavin adenine dinucleotide. FAD➡️FADH2. Electron carrier.

Question 17

Phosphorylation

Answer 17

Inorganic phosphate is added to substrate

Question 18

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 18

Pi comes from other compound.

Question 19

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 19

Redox reaction, e.g. cellular respiration.

Question 20

Cellular respiration

Answer 20

The process of converting glucose into a form of energy (ATP) that is useable by cells.

Question 21

Fermentation

Answer 21

Anaerobic respiration. Extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen.

Question 22

Reactant

Answer 22

a substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction.

Question 23

Product

Answer 23

a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction.

Question 24

Glycolysis

Answer 24

Splitting of six carbon glucose into three-carbon sugar molecules. Occurs in cytoplasm.

Question 25

Pyruvic acid

Answer 25

produced by breaking down carbohydrates and sugars (glycolysis). If oxygen is available, pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A that enters the Krebs cycle.

Question 26

Synthesis of acetyl-coA

Answer 26

Pyruvate—three carbons—is converted to acetyl CoA, a two-carbon molecule attached to coenzyme A. Occurs in mitochondria.

Question 27

Citric acid cycle

Answer 27

Transfers energy from acetyl-CoA (oxidized) to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD (reduced). Occurs in mitochondria.

Question 28

Electron transport train

Answer 28

Chain of several electron transport molecules; electrons are passed along chain; released energy is used to form a proton gradient; ATP is synthesized as protons diffuse down gradient, oxygen is final electron acceptor. (Occurs in mitochondria).

Question 29

Carrier molecules

Answer 29

Pass electrons from one to another to final electron acceptor

Question 30

Final electron acceptor

Answer 30

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain

Question 31

Proton gradient

Answer 31

Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane

Question 32

Electronegativity

Answer 32

a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons toward itself.

Question 33

ATP synthase

Answer 33

mitochondrial enzyme localized in the inner membrane, where it catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate.

Question 34

Chemiosmosis

Answer 34

The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient

Question 35

Aerobic respiration

Answer 35

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor

Question 36

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 36

Molecule other than oxygen serves as final electron acceptor

Question 37

Fermentation

Answer 37

the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen

Question 38

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 38

process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.

Question 39

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 39

the type of anaerobic respiration carried out by yogurt bacteria (Lactobacillus and others) and by your own muscle cells when you work them hard and fast.

Question 40

Metabolite

Answer 40

A substance made or used when the body breaks down food, drugs or chemicals, or its own tissue