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Human Physiology - BIO 3322 > Chapter 8 - Specialized Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Specialized Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors

A
  • photoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
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2
Q

Receptor Potentials

A
  • sensory receptors have receptor potentials
  • used to signal to CNS
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3
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A
  • sensory receptors become less sensitive in continued presence of stimulus
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4
Q

Sensory Coding

A
  • signals received by receptors are transduced to be understood by brain
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5
Q

Visible Spectrum

A

the wavelengths of light than can be detected by the human eye (400-700 nm)

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6
Q

Accessory structures of the eye

A
  • eyebrow/eyelashes
  • eyelids
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7
Q

Function of eyebrows/eyelashes

A

protect the eye from sunlight and foreign objects

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8
Q

Function of eyelids

A

spread oil, mucus, and saline across the conjunctiva to moisten and avoid friction

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9
Q

Sclera

A

white part of the eye

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10
Q

Iris

A

color

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11
Q

Pupil

A

central opening; allows light to enter

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12
Q

Lens

A

helps focus light on retina; must be transparent to let light pass through, and must be curved to refract light

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13
Q

Choroid

A

part of the vascular layer

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14
Q

Retina

A

contains photoreceptor cells that capture light

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15
Q

Macula

A

central point of the retina

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16
Q

Fovea

A

center of FOV; contains highest density of rods and cones

17
Q

Optic Nerve

A

carries visual information to visual cortex

18
Q

Refraction of light in general

A

change of light speed from one medium to another causes it to bend

19
Q

Refraction of light in the eye

A

Convex lens refracts light so it converges on a focal point (retina)

20
Q

What allows proper focusing of light?

A

Accommodation

21
Q

Photons

A

individual energy particles of light

22
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance between the peaks of two successive waves

23
Q

refraction

A

light bending

24
Q

Convex lenses

A
  • thicker in the middle
  • allow light to refract and converge at a focal point
  • cause the actual image to be focused upside down and reversed from left to right
25
Q

Concave lenses

A
  • thinner in the middle
  • cause light to be dispersed
  • useless for focusing images on the retina
26
Q

Fovea

A
  • aka fovea centralis
  • has high density of CONES
27
Q

Cones

A
  • specialized receptor cells responsible for responding to light
  • tapered shape compared to rods
  • responsible for processing images w/ the highest visual acuity (resolution)
28
Q

Accommodation for near sight

A

adjustment of the shape of the lens to adjust to the distance of the image; controlled by ciliary muscles
- ciliary muscles contract, causing them to loosen the tension of the zonular fibers, causing the lens to relax into a spherical, thicker shape, crating increased REFRACTIVE POWER (see images closer to you CLEARER)

29
Q

Accommodation for far sight

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • zonular fibers remain taut and the lens is pulled into a flatter position decreasing the lens’ refractive power
  • allows you to see objects further in FOV
30
Q

What controls the ciliary muscles?

A

parasympathetic inputs

31
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness
- refract light too strongly or the eyeball length is too long
- image is focused IN FRONT of the retina
- corrected with concave lens

32
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness
- caused by too little cornea or lens light refraction, or by an eyeball that is too short
- image is focused BEHIND the retina
- corrected by convex lens that refracts light before it reaches the eye

33
Q

Order of cells from posterior to anterior

A
  • retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE)
  • photoreceptor cells (rods/cones)
  • horizontal cells
  • bipolar cells
  • amacrine cells
  • ganglion cells (axons leading to brain)
34
Q

Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE)

A

lie at the most posterior region of the eyeball, behind the photoreceptor cells and have melanin (traps light)
- also store and recycle vitamin A to photoreceptor cells

35
Q

Photoreceptor Layer

A

contains rod and cone cells (photoreceptor cells)
- have specialized regions called OUTER SEGMENTS that capture light and initiate a second messenger cascade into electrical signal.

Human Physiology - BIO 3322 (14 decks)

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