Chapter 8

Question 1

Definition: Diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

A disease in which the blood glucose level is too high because of the insufficient production or activity of the hormone insulin

Question 2

Definition: Type 1 diabetes

Answer 2

A type of diabetes caused by an inability to produce insulin

Question 3

Definition: Type 2 diabetes

Answer 3

A type of diabetes caused by low insulin or an inability to use insulin
DOES NOT MAKE ENOUGH

Question 4

Definition: Genetic Engineering

Answer 4

The intentional production of new genes and alteration of genomes by the substitution or introduction of new genetic material
Eg. Creating human inulin gene by inserting it into bacteria

Question 5

Why is bacteria a versatile tool?

Answer 5

Since they reproduce quickly and often and are inexpensive to maintain

Question 6

Definition: Recombinant DNA

Answer 6

A DNA strand that is created using DNA pieces from two or more sources

Question 7

Steps to genetic recombination

Answer 7

1) Cut out a fragment that contains the desired gene

Question 8

Definition: Restriction Enzyme

Answer 8

An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific location in a base sequence; also called restriction endonuclease
-Molecular SCISSORS

Question 9

Definition: Recognition site

Answer 9

A specific sequence of nucleotides on a DNA strand that restriction enzymes bind to

Question 10

Definition: Restriction fragment

Answer 10

A fragment that is produced when a DNA strand is cut by a restriction enzyme

Question 11

What is the two possible outcomes of restriction enzyme

Answer 11

• Blunt ends (straight across)
  -Sticky ends ( Zigzag)

Question 12

Definition: Blunt end

Answer 12

The end that remains after restriction enzyme cut straight across a DNA strand ; a blunt end is more difficult than a sticky end to recombine with another strand

Question 13

Definition: Sticky end

Answer 13

The end that remains after restriction enzymes cut on a zigzag across a DNA strand; a sticky end of a DNA fragment cant form HB with a complementary sticky end on any other DNA molecule that has been cut by the same enzyme

Question 14

What is DNA ligase ?

Answer 14

DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins the cut pieces of DNA. A.K.A when the phosphodiester bonds form

Question 15

Does plasmids or chromosomal DNA replicate?

Answer 15

It is the plasmid DNA that is able to mutate quickly. Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA that are found in bacteria.

Question 16

What are the main enzyme names?

Answer 16

EcoRI
XhoI
HindIII
SmalI

Question 17

Definition: Competent cell

Answer 17

A cell that is able to take up foreign DNA from its surroundings

Question 18

Definition: Vector

Answer 18

A DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell, for example, a plasmid

Question 19

Definition: Copy number

Answer 19

The number of plasmids of a specific type within a cell

Question 20

Definition: host cell

Answer 20

A cell that has taken up a foreign plasmids or virus and has its cellular machinery.to express the foreign DNA

Question 21

How is DNA replicated from plasmids

Answer 21

• a fragment of a target gene and restriction enzyme from a plasmid, they possess the same complementary end as the linear plasmid
• Will bond together because of the complementary end
  -forms a circle

Question 22

Definition: Cloned gene

Answer 22

An identical copy of an original target gene that can be made by introducing the target gene into a host cell and having it copied

Question 23

Definition: Restriction Map

Answer 23

A diagram that shows restriction enzyme recognition sites and the distances, measured in base pairs between the sites

Question 24

Definition: Hybridization probe

Answer 24

A fragment of DNA that is used to detect the presence of complementary nucleotide sequences