Chapter 8

Question 1

Some organisms are able to convert energy to light which is called?

Answer 1

bioluminescence

Question 2

What is the term for the totality of organisms chemical reactions?

Answer 2

Metabolism

Question 3

True or false: A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In a metabolic pathway, each step is catalyzed by what?

Answer 4

Specific enzyme

Question 5

What is a catabolic pathway?

Answer 5

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Question 6

What is an example of a catabolic pathway?

Answer 6

Cellular respiration

the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen

Question 7

What is a anabolic pathway?

Answer 7

consume energy to build complex
molecules from simpler ones

Question 8

What is an example of an anabolic pathway?

Answer 8

The synthesis of protein from amino acids

Question 9

what is energy ?

Answer 9

capacity to cause change

Question 10

what is kinetic energy?

Answer 10

energy associated with motion

Question 11

what is Heat (thermal energy)?

Answer 11

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Question 12

What is potential energy?

Answer 12

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.

Question 13

What is chemical energy?

Answer 13

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Question 14

True or false: A diver has more potential energy on a platform than in water

Answer 14

true

refer to picture on slides

Question 15

True or false: A diver has more potential energy in the water than on the platform.

Answer 15

false

less potential energy

Question 16

what is thermodynamics:

Answer 16

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.

Question 17

What is an example of a closed system?

Answer 17

liquid in a thermos, is isolated from its surroundings

Question 18

what is an open system?

Answer 18

energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

Question 19

Are organisms an open or close system?

Answer 19

open

Question 20

what is the first law of thermodynamic?

Answer 20

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 21

The second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 21

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat

Question 22

What is entropy a measure of?

Answer 22

a measure of disorder or randomness.

Question 23

True or false: according to the second law of thermodynamics Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

Answer 23

true

Question 24

For a process to occur on its own, without an input of energy, it must increase the entropy of the universe this is called

Answer 24

spontaneous

Question 25

Can spontaneous processes without energy input?

Answer 25

yes,Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly

Question 26

Entropy (disorder) in an organism and universe’s total entropy will always be increasing T or F

Answer 26

Entropy is able to increase or decrease

Question 27

What is a living systems **free energy** ?

Answer 27

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell.

Question 28

In regards to free energy how do you know it is spontaneous?

Answer 28

only processes with a negative delta G are spontaneous

Question 28

what is an exergonic reaction in regards to energy?

Answer 28

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

Question 29

What occurs during a endergonic reaction?

Answer 29

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

Question 30

Are cells in equilibrium?

Answer 30

Cells are not in equilibrium; they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials | refer to picutre on slde

Question 31

what are the three kinds of work cells do?

Answer 31

Chemical Transport Mechanical

Question 32

How are cells able to manage energy resources?

Answer 32

Energy coupling

Question 33

what is energy coupling?

Answer 33

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

Question 34

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 34

adenosine triphosphate

Question 35

what is ATP composed of?

Answer 35

ATP is composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups. | refer to slide 25

Question 36

When the bond between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail is broken by hydrolysis what is released ?

Answer 36

Energy is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken.

Question 37

How does ATP usually drive endergonic reactions?

Answer 37

Phosphorylation

Question 38

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 38

transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant

Question 39

How is ATP regenerated

Answer 39

regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

Question 40

what is a catalyst

Answer 40

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Question 41

Is an enzyme a catalytic protien?

Answer 41

yes it is

Question 42

A solution of sucrose in sterile water can sit for years at room temperature with no appreciable hydrolysis (∆G = -7 kcal/mol). Hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase is an example

Answer 42

enzyme-catalyzed reaction