Chapter 8 Flashcards
Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
Attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton; human body has two; each of the two pectoral girdles consists of a clavicle and a scapula.
Clavicle
AKA collarbone; lies horizontally across the anterior part of the thorax superior to the first rib; it is subcutaneous (under the skin) and easily palpable along its length. The bone is S-shaped because the medial half is convex anteriorly (curves toward you when viewed in the anatomical position), and the lateral half is concave anteriorly (curves away from you). It is rougher and more curved in males.
Scapula
AKA shoulder blade; is a large, triangular, flat bone situated in the superior part of the posterior thorax between the levels of the second and seventh rib.
Acromion
The high point of the shoulder; easily felt.
Upper limb
Each has 30 bones in three locations: 1.) the humerus in the arm; 2.) the ulna and radius in the forearm; and 3.) the 8 carpals in the carpus (wrist), the 5 metacarpals in the meta- carpus (palm), and the 14 phalanges (bones of the digits) in the hand.
Humerus
AKA arm bone; is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb; it articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with the ulna and the radius, to form the elbow joint.
Greater tubercle
Is a lateral projection distal to the anatomical neck; it is the most laterally palpable bony landmark of the shoulder region and is immediately inferior to the palpable acromion of the scapula.
Lesser tubercle
Projects anteriorly.
Deltoid tuberosity
A roughened, V-shaped area at the middle portion of the shaft; serves as a point of attachment for the tendons of the deltoid muscle.
Trochlea
Located medial to the capitulum; a spool-shaped surface that articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna.
Coronoid fossa
Is an anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed.
Olecranon fossa
Is a large posterior depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is extended (straightened).
Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle
Rough projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus to which the tendons of most muscles of the forearm are attached.
Ulna
Is located on the medial aspect (the little-finger side) of the forearm and is longer than the radius. (A convenient mnemonic to help you remember the location of the ulna in relation to the hand is “p.u.” (the pinky is on the ulna side)).
Radius
Is the smaller bone of the forearm and is located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm. In contrast to the ulna, the radius is narrow at its proximal end and widens at its distal end.
Carpus
AKA wrist; is the proximal region of the hand and consists of eight small bones, the carpals, joined to one another by ligaments.
What are the 8 carpals? (You are expected to learn the names of the carpals and major features, but not their precise positions)
- Scaphoid (“boatlike”)
- Lunate (“moon-shaped”)
- Triquetrum (“three-cornered”)
- Pisiform (“pea-shaped”)
- Trapezium (“four-sided figure with no two sides parallel”)
- Trapezoid (“four-sided figure with two sides parallel”)
- Capitate (“head-shaped”)
- Hamate (“hooked”)
Metacarpus
AKA the palm; is the intermediate region of the hand and consists of five bones called the metacarpals.
Phalanges
AKA bones of the digits; make up the distal part of the hand; there are 14 phalanges in the five digits of each hand, and, like the metacarpals, the digits are numbered 1-5, beginning with the thumb, from lateral to medial. A single bone of a digit is referred to as a phalanx. Each phalanx consists of a proximal base, an intermediate shaft, and a distal head.
The thumb (pollex) has __ phalanges called ______. The other four digits have __ phalanges called ______.
2; proximal and distal phalanges; 3; proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.
Pelvic (hip) girdle
Consist of the two hip bones, also called coxal or pelvic bones or os coxa; connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
Pubic symphysis
A joint where the hip bones unite anteriorly.
Bony pelvis
A deep, basinlike structure formed by the complete ring composed of the hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum, and coccyx; provides a strong and stable support for the vertebral column and pelvic and lower abdominal organs.
Ilium
The largest of the three components of the hip bone, is composed of a superior ala and an inferior body.
Ischium
The inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone, comprises a superior body and an inferior ramus.
Ischial tuberosity
Rough and thickened; because it is just deep to the skin, it commonly begins hurting after a relatively short time when you sit on a hard surface.
Pubis
Meaning pubic bone, is the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone. A superior ramus, an inferior ramus, and a body between the rami make up the pubis.
Pectineal line
A raised line which extends superiorly and laterally along the superior ramus to merge with the arcuate line of the ilium; these lines are important landmarks for distinguishing the superior (false) and inferior (true) portions of the bony pelvis.
Pelvic brim
A boundary that divides the bony pelvis into superior and inferior portions; forms the inlet into the pelvic cavity from the abdomen; you can trace the pelvic brim by following landmarks around parts of the hip bones to form the outline of an oblique plane; the plane is higher in the back than in the front.
False (greater) pelvis
Portion of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim; is bordered by the lumbar vertebrae posteriorly, the upper portions of the hip bones laterally, and the abdomen wall anteriorly; the space enclosed by the false pelvis is part of the lower abdomen; it contains the superior portion of the urinary bladder (when it is full) and the lower intestines in both genders, and the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes of the female.
True (lesser) pelvis
Portion of the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim; has an inlet, and outlet, and a cavity; is bounded by the sacrum and coccyx posteriorly, inferior portions of the ilium and ischium laterally, and the pubic bones anteriorly; surrounds the pelvic cavity; contains the rectum and urinary bladder in both genders, the vagina and cervix of the uterus in females, and the prostate in males.
Pelvic outlet
The inferior opening of the true pelvis; is covered by the muscle at the floor of the pelvis.
Pelvic axis
An imaginary line that curves through the true pelvis from the central point of the plane of the pelvic inlet to the central point of the plane of the pelvic outlet; during childbirth the pelvic axis is the route taken by the baby’s head as it descends through the pelvis.
Femur
AKA thigh bone; is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body; its proximal end articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone. Its distal end articulates with the tibia and patella. The body (shaft) of the femur angles medially and, as a result, the knee joints are closer to the midline than the hip joints.
Greater trochanter
Projection that serves as a point of attachment for the tendons and some of the thigh and buttock muscles; the prominence felt and seen anterior to the hollow on the side of the hip. It is a landmark commonly used to locate the site for intramuscular injections into the lateral surface of the thigh.
Lesser trochanter
Projection that serves as a point of attachment for the tendons and some of the thigh and buttock muscles; inferior and medial to the greater trochanter.
Linea aspera
Vertical ridge that serves as an attachment point for the tendons of several thigh muscles.
Medial condyle of the femur articulate with the ______.
Medial condyle of the tibia.
Lateral condyle of the femur articulate with the ______.
Lateral condyle of the tibia.
Intercondylar fossa
A depressed area between the condyles on the posterior surface.
Patella
AKA kneecap; a small, triangular bone located anterior to the knee joint.
Tibia
AKA shin bone; is the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg. The tibia articulates at its proximal end with the femur and fibula, and at its distal end with the fibula and the talus bone of the ankle.
Fibula
Parallel and lateral to the tibia, but it is considerably smaller; unlike the tibia, the fibula does not articulate with the femur, but it does help stabilize the ankle joint.
Lateral malleolus
Arrowhead-shaped projection at the distal end of the fibula that articulates with the talus of the ankle. This forms the prominence on the lateral surface of the ankle.
Tarsus
AKA ankle; is the proximal region of the foot and consists of seven tarsal bones.
What are the 7 tarsals?
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular
- The third (lateral) cuniform bone
- The second (intermediate) cuniform bone
- The first (medial) cuniform bone
- Cuboid
Metatarsus
Intermediate region of the foot and consists of five metatarsal bones numbered 1-5 from the medial to lateral position. Like the metacarpals of the palm of the hand, each metatarsal consists of a proximal base, an intermediate shaft, and a distal head. The metatarsals articulate proximally with the first, second, and third cuneiform bones and with the cuboid to form the tarsometatarsal joints. Distally, they articulate with the proximal row of phalanges to form the metatarsophalangeal joints. The first metatarsal is thicker than the others because it bears more weight.
Phalanges
Comprise the distal component of the foot and resemble those of the hand both in number and arrangement. The toes are numbered 1-5 beginning with the great toe, from medial to lateral. Each phalanx (singular) consists of a proximal base, an intermediate shaft, and a distal head.
Longitudinal arch
Has two parts, called the medial and lateral part, both of which consist of tarsal and metatarsal bones arranged to form an arch from the anterior to the posterior part of the foot.
Transverse arch
Found between the medial and lateral aspects of the foot and is formed by the navicular, three cuneiforms, and the bases of the five metatarsals.
