Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Or/o
Stomat/o
A
Mouth. Begins preparation of food for digestion
2
Q
Pharyng/o
A
Pharynx
Transports food from the mouth to the esophagus
3
Q
Esophag/o
A
Esophagus
Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach
4
Q
Gastr/o
A
Stomach, belly
Breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices
5
Q
Enter/o
A
Small intestine
Mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestionand absorption of most nutrients
6
Q
Col/o
Colon/o
A
Large intestine
Absorbs excess water and prepares solid waste for elimination
7
Q
An/o
Proct/o
Rect/o
A
Rectum and anus
Control the excretion of solid waste
8
Q
Hepat/o
A
Liver
Secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats
9
Q
Cholecyst/o
A
Gallbladder
Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine as needed
10
Q
Pancreat/o
A
Pancreas
Secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed
11
Q
An/o
A
Anus, ring
12
Q
Chol/o
A
Bile, gall
13
Q
Col/o
Colon/o
A
Colon, large intestine
14
Q
-emesis
A
Vomiting
15
Q
-lithiasis
A
Presence of stones
16
Q
-pepsia
A
Digest, digestion
17
Q
-phagia
A
Eating, swallowing
18
Q
Rect/o
A
Rectum, straight
19
Q
Sigmoid/o
A
Sigmoid colon
20
Q
Aerophagia
A
The excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach. Aer/o means air, -phagia means swallowing
21
Q
Anastomosis
A
A surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures. Plural anatomoses.
22
Q
Antiemetic
A
Medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting. Anti- means against, emet means vomit, -ic means pertaining to
23
Q
Aphthous ulcers
A
Gray-white pits with a red border that appear in the soft tissues lining the mouth, also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers. Although the exact cause is unknown, the appearance of these very common sores is associated with stress, certain foods or fever
24
Q
Ascites
A
An abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity. This condition is usually the result of severe liver disease creating pressure on the liver’s blood vessels
25
Bariatrics
The branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
26
Borborygmus
The rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
27
Cachexia
A condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS
28
Celiac disease
An inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to food containing gluten, also known as gluten intolerance . This common disorder damages the villi of the small intestine and can cause malabsorption
29
Cheilosis
A disorder of the lips characterized by cracklike sores at the corners of the mouth. Also known as cheilitis. Cheil means lips, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
30
Cholangiography
A radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium. Cholangi/o means bile duct, -graphy means the process of recording. This test is used to identify obstructions in the liver or bile ducts that show or block the flow of bile from the liver
31
Cholangitis
An acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice . Cholang means bile duct, -itis means inflammation. The most common cause is bacterial infection
32
Cholecystectomy
The surgical removal of the gallbladder. Cholecyst means gallbladder, -ectomy means surgical removal.
33
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile. Cholecyst means gallbladder, -itis means inflammation
34
Choledocholithotomy
An incision into the common bile duct for removal of gallstones. Choledoch/o means the common bile duct, lith means stone, -otomy means surgical incision
35
Cholelithiasis
The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Chole means bile or gall, -lithiasis means presence of stones
36
Cirrhosis
A progressive degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring. Cirrh means yellow or orange, -osis means abnormal condition or disease. Often caused by excessive alcohol abuse or by viral hepatitis B or C. The progress of cirrhosis is marked by the formation of areas of scarred liver tissue that are filled with fat. The liver damage causes abnormal conditions throughout the other body systems
37
Colonoscopy
The direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon, from the rectum to the cecum using the colonoscope. Colon/o means colon, -scopy means visual examination
38
Colostomy
The surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface. Col means colon, -ostomy means surgically creating an opening. The segment of the intestine below the ostomy is usually removed, and the fecal matter flows through the stoma into a disposable bag. Can be temporary to divert feces from an area that needs to heal
39
Crohn's disease
A chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract, however it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon. Generally penetrates every layer of tissue in the affected area. This can result in scarring and thickening of the walls of the affected structures. The most common complication is blockage of the intestine due to swelling and scarring
40
Dental prophylaxis
The professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
41
Diverticulitis
Inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the colon. Sometimes develops as a result of diverticulosis. Diverticul means duverticulum, -itis means inflammation. Symptoms of this condition can include sudden abdominal pain, cramping, and nausea
42
Diverticulosis
The chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon. Diverticul means diverticulum, -osis means abnormal condition or disease. Often has no symptoms, is believed to be related to a low-fiber diet
43
Dyspepsia
Pain or discomfort in digestion, also known as indigestion. Dys-means painful, -pepsia means digestion
44
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing. Dys- means difficult, -phagia means swallowing
45
Enema
The placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity. Is sometimes part of the preparation for an endoscopic examination, however, enemas are also used to treat severe constipation and as a means of injecting medication into the body
46
Enteritis
Inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens. Enter means small intestine, -itis means inflammation
47
Eructation
The act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
48
Esophageal varices
Enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus. Singular varix. Severe bleeding occurs if one of these veins ruptures
49
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
An endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract, this includes the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum. Esophag/o means esophagus, gastr/o means stomach, duoden/o means duodenum, -scopy means visual examination
50
Gastroduodenostomy
The establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum. Gastr/o means stomach, duoden means first part of the small intestine, -ostomy means surgically creating an opening. This procedure is performed to treat stomach cancer or to remove a malfunctioning pyloric valve
51
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
The upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus, also known as GERD. Gastr/o means stomach, esophag means esophagus, -eal means pertaining to. When this occurs, the stomach acid irritates and damages the delicate lining of the esophagus
52
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
53
Gastrostomy tube
The surgical placement of a feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach. Gastr means stomach, -ostomy means surgically creating an opening. This is also known as G-tube. It is permanently placed to provide nutrients for patients who cannot swallow or take sufficient nutrients by mouth
54
Hematemesis
The vomiting of the blood. Hemat means blood, -emesis means vomiting. The substance that is vomited often resembles coffee grounds
55
Hemoccult test
A laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools, also known as fecal occult blood test. Hem means blood, -occult means hidden. The test kit is used to obtain the specimens at home, and the results are then evaluated in a laboratory.
56
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection. Hepat means liver, -itis means inflammation.
57
Herpes labialis
Blisterlike sores on the lips and adjacent tissue caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), also known as cold sores or fever blisters
58
Hiatal hernia
An anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm . Hiat means opening, -al means pertaining to. This condition can cause GERD and pyrosis
59
Hyperemesis
Extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration. Hyper- means excessive, -emesis means vomiting. During the early stage of pregnancy, this is known as morning sickness
60
Ileus
The partial or complete blockage of the small intestine, large intestine, or both caused by the stopping of normal peristalsis. Also known as paralytic ileus. Symptoms can include severe pain, cramping, abdominal distention, vomiting and the ability to pass gas or stools
61
Inguinal hernia
The protusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin. Inguin means groin, -al means pertaining to. This condition can be caused by obesity, pregnancy, heavy lifting, or straining to pass a stool
62
Jaundice
A yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood
63
Leukoplakia
An abnormal white precancerous lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek. Leuk/o means white, -plakia means plaque. These lesions develop in response to chronic irritation in the mouth such as constant rubbing against a broken tooth
64
Melena
The passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools that is caused by the presence of digested blood and often indicates bleeding in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract
65
Morbid obesity
The condition of weighing two or more times the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40, also known as severe obesity
66
Nasogastric intubation
The placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach. NG tube. Nas/o means nose, gastr means stomach, -ic means pertaining to. This tube which is placed temporarily, provides nutrition for patients who cannot take sufficient nutrients by mouth
67
Obesity
An excessive accumulation of fat in the body. Frequently present as a comorbidity with conditions such as hypertension
68
Palatoplasty
The surgical repair of a cleft palate or cleft lip. Palat/o means palate, -plasty means surgical repair
69
Peptic ulcers
Sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori by medications, such as aspirin, that irritate the mucous membranes. The condition of having peptic ulcers is referred to as peptic ulcer disease
70
Peristalsis
A series of wavelike contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system. In the esophagus, food moves downward through the action of gravity and peristalsis
71
Polyp
A mushroomlike growth from the surface of a mucous membrane, not all polyps are malignant
72
Proctologist
A physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus. Proct means anus and rectum, -ologist means specialist
73
Regurgitation
The return of swallowed food into the mouth
74
Salmonellosis
An infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products. also referred to as salmonella
75
Sigmoidoscopy
The endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon. Sigmoid/o means sigmoid colon, -scopy means visual examination
76
Stomatitis
An inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth. Stomat means mouth or oral cavity, -itis means inflammation.
77
Trismus
Any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer. This condition causes difficulty in speaking and affects the patient's nutrition due to impaired ability to chew and swallow
78
Ulcerative colitis
A chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers (lesions in the mucous membrane) and irritation. Col means colon, -itis means inflammation. Usually starts in the rectum and progressesupward to the lower part of the colon, however it can affect the entire large intestine. Affects only the innermost lining and not the deep tissues of the colon
79
Volvulus
Twisting of the intestine upon itself, causing the obstruction. Volvulus is a Latin word meaning rolled up ot twisted. This condition can caused necrosis of the affected segment of the bowel
80
Xerostomia
The lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands, also known as dry mouth. Xer/o means dry, stom means mouth or oral cavity, -ia means pertaining to. This condition can be due to medications or radiation of the salivary glands, and can cause discomfort, difficulty in swallowing, changes in the taste of food, and dental decay
81
Gastrointestinal tract
Also known as GI tract. Digestive system consists primarily of GI tract. Gastr/o means stomach, intestin means intestine, -al means pertaining to. These organs work in cooperation with accessory organs
82
Accessory organs
Of the digestive system include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
83
Upper GI tract
Consists of the mouth, pharynx (throat) , esophagus, and stomach. This transports food from entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach
84
Lower GI tract
Sometimes is referred to as the bowels. Is made up of the small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus. Here digestion is completed and waste material is prepared for expulsion from the body
85
Oral cavity
Also known as the mouth, major structures are the lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodintium
86
Lips
Also known as labia, surrounds the opening to the oral cavity. Singular labium. During eating, the lips, tongue and cheeks hold the food in the mouth. The lips also have important roles in breathing, speaking, and the expression of emotions
87
Palate
Forms the roof of the mouth,
88
3 major parts of the palate
1. Hard palate
2. Soft palate
3. Uvula
89
Hard palate
Anterior portion of the palate. This area is covered with specialized mucous membrane
90
Rugae
Irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membrane. Singular ruga
91
Soft palate
Flexible posterior portion of the palate. During swallowing, it has the important role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity
92
Uvula
It hangs from the free edge of the soft palate. During swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate. It also plays an important role in snoring and in formation of some speech sounds
93
Tongue
Very strong, flexible, and muscular. The posterior portion of the tongue is attached. The anterior end of the tongue moves freely and is flexible. It is the structure of the tongue that makes it important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing
94
Dorsum
Upper surface of the tongue. This surface have a tough protective covering
95
Papillae
Small bumps on the upper surface of the tongue. Singular papilla. Contain taste buds
96
Taste buds
Sensory receptors for the sense of taste
97
Sublingual surface
Of the tongue and the tissues that lie under the tongue are covered with delicate highly vascular tissues. The presence if this rich blood supply under the tongue makes it suitable for administering certain medications sublingually by placing them under the tongue, where they are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream
98
Sublingual
Under the tongue
99
Highly vascular
Containing many blood vessels
100
Lingual frenum
Band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth. This frenum limits the motion of the tongue
101
Periodontium
Describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth. Peri- means surrounding, odonti means the teeth, -um means noun ending. This consists of the bone of the dental arches and the soft tissues that surround and support the teeth
102
Gingiva
Also known as masticatory mucosa or the gums. Specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth. Plural gingivae
103
Sulcus
An area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva. Plural sulci. A buildup of food debris and bacteria in the sulcus can lead to infection.
104
Dental arches
The bony structures of the oral cavity. These arches hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking
105
Maxillary arch
Commonly known as the upper jaw and consists of bones of the lower surface of the skull. This such does not move
106
Mandibular arch
Commonly known as the lower jaw. A separate bone and is the only movable component of the joint
107
Temporomandibular joint
Commonly known as TMJ. Formed at the back of the mouth where the Maxillary and mandibular arches come together
108
TMJ
Temporomandibular joint
109
Dentition
Refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
110
4 types of teeth
1. Incisors
2. Canines
3. Premolars
4. Molars
111
Incisors
Canines
Canines are also known as cuspids.
These teeth are used for biting and tearing
112
Premolar
Molars
Premolar are also known as bicupsids
These teeth are used for chewing and grinding
113
Primary dentition
Also known as deciduous dentition or baby teeth. 20 teeth erupt during early childhood. Consists of 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars but no premolars
114
Permanent dentition
Consists of 32 teeth designed to last a lifetime. 20 replace primary dentition and 12 erupt at back of the mouth. Include 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars
115
Occlusion
Used in dentistry to describe any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth
116
Crown
The portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth. It is covered with enamel
117
Enamel
Hardest substance in the body
118
Roots
Of the tooth hold it securely in placecwithin the dental arches. Roots are protected by cementum
119
Cementum
Substance is hard but it is not as strong as enamel
120
Cervix
Also known as the neck of the tooth. Where the crown and root meet
121
Dentin
Makes up the bulk of the tooth. The portion that is above the gum line is covered with enamel . The root area is covered with cementum
122
Pulp cavity
The area within the crown and roots of the tooth that is surrounded by the dentin to protect the delicate Pulp of the tooth. In the roots, the Pulp continues in the space known as the root canals
123
Root canals
The space in the roots where the Pulp continues
124
Pulp
Consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation to the tooth
125
Saliva
Colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth. It helps maintain the health of the teeth, and it begins the digestive process by lubricating food during chewing and swallowing (mechanical digestion). Also contains the digestive enzyme amylase and is the first step in chemical digestion
126
Amylase
Digestive enzyme that is found in saliva and is the first step in chemical digestion
127
3 pairs of salivary glands
Secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth
1. Parotid glands
2. Sublingual glands
3. Submandibular glands
128
Parotid glands
Located on the face, slightly in front of each ear. The ducts for these glands are on the inside of the cheek near the upper molars
129
Sublingual glands
Along with their ducts are located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue
130
Submandibular glands
Along with their ducts are located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible
131
Pharynx
Common passageway for both respiration and digestion. Plays an important role in deglutition
132
Deglutition
Commonly known as swallowing
133
Epiglottis
A lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing
134
Esophagus
The muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach
135
Lower esophageal sphincter
Also known as cardiac sphincter. A muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach. During swallowing, it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach. This sphincter normally opens to allow the flow of food into the stomach and closes to prevent the stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus
136
Regurgitating
Flowing backward
137
Stomach
A sac-like organ composed of the fundus, body, antrum
138
Fundus
Part of stomach that is upper, rounded part
139
Body
Part of stomach that is the main portion
140
Antrum
Part of stomach that is lower part
141
Rugae
The folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach. These folds allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size. Glands located within these folds produce gastric juices
142
Gastric juices
Made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion. Mucus produced by glands in the stomach create a protective coating on the lining of the stomach
143
Pyloric sphincter
The ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
144
Pylorus
The narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine
145
Small intestine
Extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine. This coiled organ is up to 20 feet in length and consists of 3 sections where food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
146
3 sections of small intestine
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
147
Duodenum
The first portion of the small intestine. Extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum
148
Jejunum
Middle portion of the small intestine. Extends from the duodenum to the lieum
149
Ileum
Last and longest portion of the small intestine. Extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine
150
Large intestine
Extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. It is about twice as wide as the small intestine, however it is only 1/4 as long. It is here that the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus. Major parts of the large intestine are cecum, colon, rectum, anus
151
4 major parts of the large intestine
1. Cecum
2. Colon
3. Rectum
4. Anus
152
Cecum
A pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen. It extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon
153
Ileocecal sphincter
The ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine
154
Vermiform appendix
Commonly called the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum. Appendix consists of lymphoid tissue
155
Vermiform
Refers to a worm-m like shape
156
Colon
Longest portion of the large intestine, subdivided into 4 parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
157
4 parts of colon
1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending colon
4. Sigmoid colon
158
Ascending colon
Travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver
159
Ascending
Upward
160
Transverse colon
Passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen
161
Transverse
Across
162
Descending colon
Travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
163
Descending
Downward
164
Sigmoid colon
An S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum below
165
Sigmoid
Curved like the letter S
166
Rectum
Wudest division of the large intestine. It makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus
167
Anus
Lower opening of the digestive tract
168
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter
Flow of waste through the anus is controlled by these sphincters
169
Anorectal
Refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit. An/o means anus, rect means rectum, -al means pertaining to
170
Accessory organs
Of the digestive system are so named because they play a key role in the digestive process but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract. The accessory digestive organs are liver, gallbladder, pancreas
171
Liver
Largest organ in the body. Has several important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs. Liver removes excess glucose, which is commonly known as blood sugar, from the bloodstream and stores it as glycogen
172
Hepatic
Pertaining to the liver. Hepat means liver, -ic means pertaining to
173
Glycogen
A form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles. When the blood sugar level is low, the liver converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it for use by the body
174
Bilirubin
A pigment secreted into the digestive fluid called bile, giving it a yellow to green color. Excessive amounts of bilirubin in the body can lead to jaundice and other diseases
175
Bile
Aids in the digestion of fats, a digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat. Bile travels from the liver to the gallbladder, where it is concentrated and stored. Chol/o means bile
176
Biliary tree
Provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine.
177
Biliary
Pertaining to bile
178
Common hepatic duct
Small ducts in the liver join together like branches to form the biliary tree. The trunk, which is just outside the liver is known as common hepatic duct
179
Cystic duct
The bile travels from the liver through the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder where it enters and exits through the narrow cystic duct
180
Common bile duct
Cystic duct leaving the gallbladder rejoins the common hepatic duct to form the common bike duct.
181
Pancreatic duct
Joined with the common bile duct and together they enter the duodenum of the small intestine
182
Gallbladder
A pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver. It stores and concentrates the bile for later use. When bile is needed, the gallbladder contracts, forcing the bileout through the biliary tree
183
Cholecystic
Pertaining to the gallbladder. Cholecyst means gallbladder, -ic means pertaining to
184
Pancreas
A soft, 6-inch long, oblong gland that is located behind the stomach. This gland has important roles in both the digestive and endocrine systems. The pancreas produces and secretes pancreatic juices that aid in digestion and contain digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids
185
Pancreatic
Pertaining to the pancreas
186
Pancreatic duct
The duct where the pancreatic juices leave the pancreas through and joins the common bile duct just before the entrance into the duodenum
187
Digestion
The process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
188
Digestive enzymes
Responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body
189
Nutrient
A substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body
190
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Primary or macronutrients
191
Vitamins
Minerals
Essential micronutrients, which means they are required only in small amounts
192
Metabolism
Includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients. Metabol means change, -ism means condition. Consists of two parts: anabolism and catabolism
193
2 parts of metabolism
1. Anabolism
2. Catabolism
194
Anabolism
The building up of body cells and substances from nutrients
195
Catabolism
The breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
196
Absorption
The process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
197
Villi
Finger-like projections covering the mucosa that lines the small intestine. Each villus contains blood vessels and lacteals. The blood vessels absorb nutrients directly from the digestive system into the bloodstream for delivery to the cells of the body
198
Lacteals
Specialized structures of the lymphatic system, absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by the bloodstream. Instead they absorb these nutrients and transport them via lymphatic vessels. As these nutrients are being transported, they are filtered by the lymph nodes in preparation for their delivery to the bloodstream
199
Mastication
Also known as chewing, breaks foods down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed
200
Bolus
A mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
201
The role of the stomach
The gastric juices of the stomach contain hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes to continue the breakdown of food. few nutrients enter the bloodstream through the walls of the stomach. The churning action of the stomach works with the gastric juices by converting the food into chyme
202
Chyme
Semifluud mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine
203
Role of the small intestine
Conversion of food into usable nutrients is completed as the chyme is moved through the small intestine by peristaltic action. In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juices and bile. Emulsification must be completed before the nutrients can be absorbed into the body. The jejunum secretes large amounts of digestive enzymes and continues the process of digestion. The primary function of the ileum is to absorb nutrients from the digested foods
204
Emulsification
Action where the bile breaks apart large fat globules so that enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats
205
Role of the large intestine
To receive the waste products of digestion and store them until they are eliminated from the body. Food waste enters the large intestine, helping maintain the body's fluid balance. The remaining waste forms into feces.
206
Feces
Also known as solid body wastes, expelled through the rectum and anus
207
Defecation
Also known as bowel movement (BM), the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine
208
BM
Bowel movement
209
Gut microflora
Large intestine contains gut microflora, which helps break down organic waste material. This process produces gas. Gut microflora refers to the billions of normal bacteria present in the large intestine to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system. A disruption of microflora resulting from the use of antibiotics can lead to infections such as C. Diff.
210
Flatulence
Also known as flatus, the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum
211
Dentist
Holds a Doctor of dental surgery (DDS) or doctor of medical dentistry (DMD) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
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DDS
Doctor of dental surgery
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DMD
Doctor of medical dentistry
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Gastroenterologist
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines. Gastr/o means stomach, enter means small intestine, -ologist means specialist
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Oral or maxillofacial surgeon
Specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
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Orthodontist
A dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures. Orth means straight or normal, odont means teeth, -ist means specialist
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Periodontist
A dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth. Peri- means surrounding, odont means teeth, -is means specialist
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Registered dietitian
RD. A specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake
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RD
Registered dietitian
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Ulcer
An open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
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Stomatomycosis
Any disease of the mouth due to a fungus. Stomat/o means moth or oral cavity, myc means fungus, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
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Oral thrush
A type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control. The symptoms ate creamy white lesions on the tongue or inner cheeks. This condition occurs most often in infants, older adults with weakened immune systems or individuals who have been taking antibuotics
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Cleft lip
Also known as harelip, a birth defects in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development
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Cleft palate
The failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus. This opening can involve the upper lip, hard palate, and/or soft palate.if not corrected, this opening between the nose and mouth makes it difficult for the child to eat and speak. Cleft lip and cleft palate can occur singly or together and usually can be corrected surgically
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Bruxism
Involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress. It can also occur habitually during the day. Wears away tooth structure, damages periodontal tissues, and injures the temporomandibular joint
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Dental caries
Also known as tooth decay or cavity. An infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth. If the decay process is not arrested, the Pulp can be exposed and become infected
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Dental plaque
A major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth. Consists of bacteria and bacterial byproducts
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Edentulous
Without teeth. This term describes the situation after the natural permanent teeth have been lost
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Halitosis
Also known as bad breath. Unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders. Halit means breath, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
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Malocclusion
Any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
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Periodontal disease
Also known as periodontitis. An inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth. Peri- means surrounding, odont means tooth or teeth, -al means pertaining to. This progressive disease is classified according to the degree of tissue involvement. In severe cases, the gums and bone surrounding the teeth are involved
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Dental calculus
Also known as tartar. A dental plaque that has calcified (hardened) on the teeth. These deposits irritate the surrounding tissues and cause increasingly serious periodontal diseases
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Gingivitis
The earliest stage of periodontal disease, and the inflammation affects only the gums. Gingiv means gums, -itis means inflammation
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Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Also known as trench mouth. Caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth. As this condition progresses, the inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration, and the death of gum tissue become more severe
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Necrotizing
Causing ongoing tissue death
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Eosinophilic esophagitis
EOE. A chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cells called an eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as a result of an allergy to certain foods. Esophag means esophagus, -itis means inflammation. The resulting inflammation can make it difficult to swallow.increasingly common in children and adults
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Reflux
A backward or return flow
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Barrett's esophagus
A condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure. Some patients with chronic GERD develop this complication, which slightly increases the risk of esophagus cancer
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Stricture
Of the esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties. A stricture is an abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage
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Pyrosis
Also known as heartburn. Burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus. Pyr means fever or fire, -osis means abnormal condition or disease
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Hernia
The protusion of a part or structure through the tissues that normally contain it
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Gastritis
Common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Gastr means stomach, -itis means inflammation
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Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines. Gastr/o means stomach, enter means small intestine, -itis means inflammation
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Gastroparesis
A condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally. Gastr/o means stomach, -paresis means partial paralysis
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Gastrorrhea
Excessive secretion of gastric juices or mucus in the stomach. Gastr/o means stomach, -rrhea means flow or discharge
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Gastric ulcers
Peptic ulcers that occur in the stomach
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Duodenal ulcers
Peptic ulcers that occur in the upper part of the small intestine
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Perforating ulcers
A complication of a peptic ulcer in which the ulcers erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall
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Anorexia
Loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease
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Dehydration
A condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance. De- means removal, hydra means water, -tion means the process of
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Malnutrition
Lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients. Mal- means bad or poor
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Malabsorption
A condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
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Obese
Usually used to refer to individuals who are more than 20-30% over the established weight standards for their height, age, and gender
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Morbid
A diseased state
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Body mass index
BMI. A number that shows the body weight adjusted for height. The results fall into one of these categories: underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. A high BMI is one of many factors related to developing chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer or diabetes
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Comorbidity
Describes the presence of more than one disease or health condition in an individual at a given time
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Emesis
Also known as vomiting. The reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth
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Nausea
Urge to vomit
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Gluten
A type of protein found in grains such as wheat, barley and rye
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Gluten intolerance
Also known as non-celiac gluten insensitivity. A response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease. This is sometimes caused by an allergy to wheat
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Food allergy
An immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food
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Lactose intolerance
The inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to process the sugar (lactose) found in milk and some other dairy products. Particularly common among African-Americans and east asians
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Colorectal carcinoma
Commonly known as colon cancer, often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon
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Diverticulum
A small pouch or sac found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon. Plural diverticula
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Ischemic colitis
Occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood. If this lack of blood persists, it can lead to inflammation and permanent damage of the affected area
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Postoperative ileus
Temporary impairment (stoppage) of bowel action that is considered to be a normal response to abdominal surgery. It is often present for 24-72 hours, depending on which part of the digestive system was treated
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Irritable bowel syndrome
IBS. A common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied by constipation or diarrhea. This condition, which is usually aggravated by stress and by eating certain foods, is not believed to be caused by pathogens ( bacteria or viruses)
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IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
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IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease
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Inflammatory bowel disease.
IBD. General name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines. 2 most common are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. These conditions are grouped together because both are chronic and incurable and can affect the large and small intestines. They also have similar symptoms, which include abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, rectal bleeding, and diarrhea. Flares exist with these conditions
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2 most common inflammatory bowel disease
1. Ulcerative colitis
2. Crohn's disease
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Flares
Tend to occur at intervals of active disease alternating with periods of remission. Are treated with medication and surgery to remove diseased portions of the intestines
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Intestinal obstruction
The partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction. This blockage can result from many causes such as scar tissue, a tumor, or the ingestion of non digestible materials
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Intestinal adhesions
Abnormally hold together parts of the intestine that should be separate. This condition, which is caused by inflammation or trauma, can lead to intestinal obstruction
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Strangulating obstruction
The blood flow to a segment of the intestine is blocked. This can lead to gangrene or perforation
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Gangrene
Tissue death that is associated with a loss of normal circulation
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Perforation
Describes a hole through the wall of a structure
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Intussusception
The telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part. Intussuscept means to take up or to receive within, -ion means condition. This rare but serious condition is sometimes found in children between 3 months to 6 years of age
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Strangulated hernia
Occurs when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia (insufficient oxygen) in this tissue by cutting off its blood supply
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Infectious diseases of the intestines
Can be transmitted through contaminated food and water or through poor sanitation practices.
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Clostridium difficile
Also known as C. diff. A bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term-care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria. This disease causes diarrhea and can lead to inflammation of the colon. Infection control measures such as hand-scrubbing or wearing gloves can help prevent it'd spread
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Dysentery
A bacterial infection, occurs most frequently in tropical countries, where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces
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E. Coli
Caused by the bacterium escherichia coli, transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked
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Anal fissure
Small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement
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Fissure
A groove or crack-like sore of the skin
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Bowel incontinence
The inability to control the excretion of feces
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Constipation
Defined as having bowel movement fewer than 3 times per week. With constipation, stools are hard, dry, small in size, and difficult to eliminate. Can be caused by a lack of fiber in the diet, disease, a side effect of certain drugs, and (especially in women) pelvic floor dysfunction
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Pelvic floor dysfunction
The lack of coordination of the muscles needed for the rectum to straighten and the anal sphincter to relax
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Diarrhea
An abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration. Dia- means through, -rrhea means flow or discharge
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Hemorrhoids
Occur when a cluster of veins, muscles and tissues slip near or through the anal opening. These veins can become inflamed, resulting in pain, fecal leakage, itching, and bleeding
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Rectocele
A bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as a result of childbirth or pregnancy. Rect/o means rectum, -cele means hernia
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Hematochezia
The presence of bright red blood in the stool. This bright red color usually indicates that the blood is coming from the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract
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Stearorrhea
The presence of excess fat in the stool. Steat/o means fat, -rrhea means flow or discharge. This condition, which results in frothy, foul-smelling stools, is usually caused by pancreatic disease, the removal of the gallbladder, or malabsorption disorders
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Serous
A substance having a watery consistency
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Hepatomegaly
The abnormal enlargement of the liver. Hepat/o means liver,-megaly means enlargement
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Viral hepatitis
Leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplants. 3 most common varieties are hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus
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3 most common viral hepatitis
1. Hepatitis A virus
2. Hepatitis B virus
3. Hepatitis C virus
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HAV
Hepatitis A virus
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HBV
Hepatitis B virus
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HCV
Hepatitis C virus
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Hepatitis A virus
HAV, most prevalent type of hepatitis. This highly contagious condition is transmitted mainly through contamination of food and water with infected fecal matter. A vaccine is available to provide immunity against HAV
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Hepatitis B virus
HBV. A bloodborne disease that is transmitted through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated with this virus. A vaccine is available to provide immunity against HBV
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Hepatitis C virus
HCV. A bloodborne disease that is spread through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated with this virus. HCV is described as silent epidemic because it can be present in the body for years and destroy the liver before any symptoms appear. There is no vaccine available
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Degenerative
Progressive deterioration resulting in those loss of tissue or organ function
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
NAFLD. Describes the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. Those with this condition, which usually has no signs or symptoms, are most often individuals who are obese, have type 2 diabetes or high cholesterol, or a combination of these conditions
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Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
NASH. A more serious form of this condition because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation. Steat/o means fat, hepat means liver, -itis means inflammation. In some cases, this will progress to cirrhosis, irreversible liver scarring, or liver cancer
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NAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
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NASH
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
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Gallstone
Also known as cholelith. A hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components. Plural calculi
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Biliary colic
Pain caused by the passage of a gallstone through the bile duct
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CT
Abdominal computed tomography
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Abdominal computed tomography
CT. A radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen, showing, for example, the presence of a tumor or obstruction
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Abdominal ultrasound
Non-invasive test used to visualize internal organs by using ver high- frequency sound waves
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Cholangiogram
The resulting record of cholangiography
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Upper GI series
Lower GI series
Radiographic studies to examine the digestive system. A contrast medium is required to make these structures visible
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Barium swallow
Contrast medium required to make the digestive system visible for the upper GI series
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Barium enema
Contrast medium required to make digestive system visible for lower GI series
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Stool samples
Specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics. For example, fatty stools might indicate the presence of pancreatic disease. Cultures of the stool samples can be examined in the laboratory for the presence of bacteria or O&P (ova "parasite eggs" and parasites
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O&P
Ova (parasite eggs) and parasites
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Endoscope
An instrument used for an endoscopy. Endo-means within, -scope means an instrument for visual examination
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Endoscopy
A visual examination of internal structures
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Anoscopy
Visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum. An/o means anus, -scopy means visual examination
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Capsule endoscopy
The use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallowing. For approximately 8 hours, as it passes through the small intestine, this camera transmits images of the walls of the small intestine. The images are detected by sensor devices attached to the patient's abdomen and transmitted to a data recorder worn on the patient's belt
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Virtual colonoscopy
A small, flexible tube that is inserted into the rectum and an MRI or CT machine is used to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the colon. The preparation, which requires that the bowels be completely emptied, is the same for both of these types of colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy
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Cologuard
Recently, developed, Non-invasive, collect-at-home stool test that uses DNA testing along with screening for hidden blood to determine the potential presence of colorectal cancer
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Antioxidants
Chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E, carotene, and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals. Are naturally present in fruits, beans, berries, nuts and dark chocolate
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Probiotics
Living microorganisms sometimes described as "good" because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria. Pro- means on supporting, bio means life, -ic means pertaining to
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Prebiotics
Nondigestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on. Foods such as yogurt, some dairy drinks, and supplements contain both probiotics and prebiotics
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Antacids
Which neutralize the acids in the stomach, are taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis or to help peptic ulcers heal
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Proton pump inhibitors
Decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach. These medications are used to treat the symptoms of GERD
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Laxatives
Medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements
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Bulk-forming lacatives
Such as bran, treat constipation by helping fecal matter retain water and remain soft as it moves through the intestines
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Antimobility drugs
Antacids
Among the over-the-counter medications used to treat diarrhea and upset stomach
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Intravenous fluids
IV. Administered to combat the effects of dehydration. Intra- means within, ven/o means vein, -us means noun ending
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IV
Intravenous fluids
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Oral rehydration therapy
ORT. A treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract the dehydration that can accompany diarrhea, especially in young children. Re- means back or again, hydra means water, -tion means the process of
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ORT
Oral rehydration therapy
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Prophylaxis
Refers to a treatment intended to prevent a disease or stop it from spreading. Examples include vaccination to provide immunity against a specific disease
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Dental implant
Anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw.
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Crown
A metal or porcelain alloy cap shaped like a damaged tooth cemented over the remaining tooth structure. CAD-CAM (computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) devices are now able to create crowns in the dental office instead of the traditional method of having these prosthetics made in an outside lab. The word crown also refers to the portion of the tooth visible in the mouth
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Bridge
A fixed dental prosthesis used to join one or more artificial teeth to the adjacent teeth
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Denture
A plate holding one or more replacement teeth. Conventional dentures, also known as full or partial set of false teeth, are removable
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Root canal
Refers both to the Pulp cavity in the root of the tooth and to a procedure in which diseased or damaged Pulp in the root canal is removed in order to save the tooth. After it is free of infection, the cavity is filled with a protective substance and sealed
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Gingivectomy
Surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue. Gingiv means gingival tissue, -ectomy means surgical removal
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Maxillofacial surgery
Specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
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NG tube
Nasogastric intubation
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Gastrectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the stomach. Gastr means stomach, -ectomy means surgical removal
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Total parenteral nutrition
Is administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating. All of the patient's nutritional requirements are met through a specialized solution administered intravenously
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Parenteral
Not in or through the digestive system
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Bariatric surgery
Performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested. These procedures limit food intake and force dietary changes that enable weight reduction
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Gastric bypass surgery
Also known as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Makes the stomach smaller by stapling a section to create a small pouch and causes food to bypass the first part of the small intestine. This procedure, which is the most common bariatric surgery is not reversible and carries so.e risk of complications
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LAGB
Lap-band adjustable gastric handinglap-band adjustable gastric banding
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Lap-band adjustable gastric handinglap-band adjustable gastric banding
LAGB. Procedure involves placing an inflatable band around the exterior of the stomach to restrict the amount of food that can enter. This procedure has the advantage of being reversible through the removal of the band
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Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
One of several endoscopic options for bariatic surgeries requiring general anesthesia. In this procedure, the stomach is sutured to make it into a small tube, reducing its capacity significantly
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Colectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the colon. Col means colon, -ectomy means surgical removal
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Colotomy
Surgical incision into the colon. Col means colon, -otomy means surgical incision
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Diverticulectomy
Surgical removal of a divertculum. Diverticul means diverticulum, -ectomy means surgical removal
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Ileectomy
Surgical removal of the ileum. Ile means ileum, -ectomy means surgical removal
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Ostomy
Surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface. Ostomy can be used alone as a noun to describe a procedure or as a suffix with the word part that describes the organ involved
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Stoma
Artificial opening from an ostomy
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Ileostomy
Surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall. Ile means small intestine, -ostomy means surgically creating an opening
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Hemorrhoidectomy
Surgical removal of hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoid means Hemorrhoid, -ectomy means surgical removal
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Rubber band ligation
Is often used instead of surgery. Cuts of the circulation at the base of the hemorrhoid, causing it to eventually fall off
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Ligation
Tying off of blood vessels or ducts
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Proctopexy
Surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ. Proct/o means rectum, -pexy means surgical fixation
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Prolapse
Falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part
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Hepatectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the liver. Hepat means liver, -ectomy means surgical removal
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Liver transplant
An option for patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer
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Partial liver transplant
Because liver tissue regenerates, this transplant, in which only part of the organ is donated, can be adequate. Can be donated by a living donor whose blood and tissue types match
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Open cholecystectomy
Performed through an incision in the right side of the upper abdomen
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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Also known as lap choley, surgical removal of the gallbladder using a laparoscope and other instruments inserted through 3 or 4 small incisions in the abdominal wall
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BMI
Body mass index
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COL
Colonoscopy
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EGD
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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GI
Gastrointestinal
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IH
Inguinal hernia
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PUD
Peptic ulcer disease
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TPN
Total parenteral nutrition
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UC
Ulcerative colitis
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Cirrh/o
Orange-yellow
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Lapar/o
Abdomen
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Lingu/o
Tongue
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Lith/o
Stone, calculus
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Pept/o
Digestion
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Sub-
Below
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-cele
Hernia
