Chapter 8

Question 1

Cognitive Biases

Answer 1

systematic error in thinking

Question 2

representativeness heuristic

Answer 2

heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype

Question 3

Availabilty heuristic

Answer 3

involves estimating the likelihod of an occurence based on how easily comes to our minds

Question 4

hindsight bias

Answer 4

our tendency to overestimate how well we could have predicted something after it has already occured.

Question 5

linguistic relativity

Answer 5

view that characteristics of language shape our thought processes

Question 6

decision making

Answer 6

the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives

Question 7

framing

Answer 7

the way a question is formulated that can influence the decisions people make

Question 7

problem solving

Answer 7

generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal

Question 8

algorithms

Answer 8

step-by-step learned procedure to solve a problem

Question 9

functional fixedness

Answer 9

difficulty conceptualizing than an object used for one purpose can be used for another

Question 10

language

Answer 10

an arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols like words or gestures in rule based ways to create meaning

Question 11

phonemes

Answer 11

unique sounds that make up a spoken word

Question 12

morphemes

Answer 12

smallest maningful unit of speech in language and is what can make up different words

Question 13

syntax

Answer 13

grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful strings

Question 14

extralinguistic information

Answer 14

Parts of communication that exist outside of the language content, but influences interpretation

Question 15

semantics

Answer 15

meaning derived from words and sentences

Question 16

Dialects

Answer 16

Differences in the use of the same language by different groups

Question 17

sign language

Answer 17

Relies on visual communication
Uses hands, face, body, and “sign space”

Same brain areas are used
Developmental stages are unchanged

Question 18

bilingual

Answer 18

Being proficient and fluent at speaking and comprehending two distinct languages

Question 19

metalinguistic

Answer 19

awareness of how language is structured and used

Question 20

learning another language is easier when:

Answer 20

• living with a native speaker
• motivated
• younger

Question 21

homesign

Answer 21

Children with hearing loss whose parents do not know sign language
Develop their own rudimentary language

Question 22

language acquisition device

Answer 22

hypothetical construct in the brain in which nativists believe knowledge of syntax resides

Question 23

social pragmatics

Answer 23

account of language acquisition that proposes that children infer what words and sentences mean from context and social interactions

Question 24

Stroop Effect

Answer 24

automated and difficult to turn off. reading the colour and not the word.