Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Motivation is concerned with the ___ of behavior
A
Why
2
Q
In motivation, you receive an i___________ or incentive to do something.
A
Inducement.
3
Q
Motives are _____________ states that _________ behavior.
A
Hypothetical. Activate.
4
Q
Motives take the form of _____, _______, and ____________.
A
Needs. Drives. Incentives.
5
Q
________ are states of deprivation.
A
Needs.
6
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Some physiological needs are states of physical deprivation.
A
TRUE
7
Q
Motives are hypothetical because…
A
They cannot be observed/measured directly.
8
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Psychological needs are also based on states of deprivation.
A
FALSE
9
Q
Because we are influenced by __________, we express needs in different ways.
A
Culture
10
Q
______ give rise to drives.
A
Needs
11
Q
Our experience of hunger and thirst drives are also p__________.
A
Psychological.
12
Q
Psychological ________ can also give rise to ________.
A
Needs, drives.
13
Q
An incentive is an _______, ________, etc that can satisfy a need/is desirable.
A
Person, object.
14
Q
The evolutionary perspective: animals are ___________ to respond to certain situations.
A
Prewired.
15
Q
The evolutionary perspective highlights i_________ in motivation.
A
Instinct.
16
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Instinct is inborn.
A
TRUE
17
Q
William James and William McDougall numbered __ basic instincts, including h______, sex, and s___-________. James included love, s_______, and mo_______.
A
Hunger, self-assertion. Sympathy, and modesty.
18
Q
If instinctive behavior exists in humans, it’s unlikely to be f____.
A
Fixed.
19
Q
Freud believed that t_______ motivates behavior which restore us to a resting state.
A
Tension.
20
Q
Drive-reduction theory was put forth by ______ _____.
A
Clark Hull.
21
Q
According to Clark Hull, primary drives trigger arousal or t________ and activate b__________.
A
Tension, behavior.
22
Q
Acquired drives come from e____________.
A
Experience.
23
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Reduction of tension is always the goal in drives, according to drive-reduction theory.
A
TRUE
24
Q
Acquired drives can ________ primary drives, especially during infancy.
A
Further
25
Primary drives are triggered by ____________.
Deprivation.
26
TRUE OR FALSE: Homeostasis is the need to maintain steady states.
TRUE
27
Homeostasis can be compared to a t_________t.
Thermostat
28
TRUE OR FALSE: Fun requires an incentive.
FALSE
29
Stimulus motives refers to the desire to _________ stimulation.
Increase.
30
TRUE OR FALSE: Volunteers could not avoid sensory information for 1 day for $200, and those who did couldn't focus well afterwards.
TRUE
31
Whether deprived or not, organisms may still seek out _____ stimulation.
Novel.
32
Stimulus motive is e_____________.
Evolutionary.
33
Humanism puts forward the idea that people are motivated by a c________ desire for p________ ________.
Conscious, personal growth.
34
Humanists state that people _________ tension for personal reasons.
Tolerate.
35
Maslow believe we're separate from animals because of s___-__________.
Self-actualization.
36
Maslow considered self-actualization as important as h______.
Hunger.
37
What's the bottom rung of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
a. Love and belonging
b. Safety needs
c. Physiological needs
d. Psychological needs
C.
38
What is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy?
Self-actualization.
39
What's below self-actualization on Maslow's hierarchy?
Esteem needs
40
What's above physiological needs on Maslow's hierarchy?
Safety needs
41
What's in the middle row of Maslow's hierarchy?
Love and belonging
42
TRUE OR FALSE: Maslow believed we are trained to follow the hierarchy of needs.
FALSE
43
Critics of Maslow's hierarchy cite i_________ ________.
Individual variety.
44
According to cognitive theorists, people attempt to _________ ____________ with their beliefs.
Eliminate inconsistencies.
45
Children create c____________ with their gender and what's taught about their gender's behaviors.
Consistency.
46
According to cognitive-dissonance theory, people are motivated to hold c_________ beliefs, to j________ their behavior.
Consistent, justify.
47
Satiety refers to the state of being s_________.
Satisfied.
48
Satiety for food is more fast-acting in the m_______ rather than the d________ ______.
Mouth, digestive tract.
49
Sensations of c_______ and s__________ create satiety.
Chewing, swallowing.
50
In the unethical study where they placed tubes in animal's throats, the animals resumed eating ________ than the control group.
Sooner.
51
Hunger pains are c__________.
Contractions.
52
Organisms with removed stomachs still __________ food intake.
Regulate.
53
These regulate hunger: the h____________, b_____ _____ _____, and l____ r_______s.
Hypothalamus, blood sugar levels, liver receptors.
54
Being deprived of food leads b_____ ______ ______ to drop.
Blood sugar levels.
55
When blood sugar levels drop, the h___________ triggers hunger.
Hypothalamus.
56
The v______________ n_________ functions as a "s___ eating" center.
Ventromedial nucleus, stop.
57
The l________ h___________ functions as a "s____ eating" center.
Lateral hypothalamus, start.
58
The VMS is a _______ area on the ________ of the hypothalamus. The lateral hypothalamus is an area on the s___ of the hypothalamus.
Central, underside. Side.
59
Hyperphagia is characterized by too ____ eating.
Much.
60
Aphagia is characterized by too _______ eatinig.
Little.
61
TRUE OR FALSE: Aphagia and hyperphagia are limitless.
FALSE (READJUSTMENT)
62
Watching TV has what effect on our diets?
Encourages us to eat, and ignore our satiety signals.
63
More than _ out of _ American adults are overweight.
2, 3.
64
__% of people without a high school diploma are obese, compared to __% of people with a college degree.
36%, 22%.
65
TRUE OR FALSE: Obesity is a risk factor in some cancers and arthritis.
TRUE
66
Obesity refers to a BMI greater or equal to __.
40.
67
Being o_________ is hereditary.
Overweight.
68
A_______ t_____________ causes the body to produce less energy/burn further calories during a diet.
Adaptive thermogenesis.
69
TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle metabolizes faster than fat.
TRUE
70
The average man is __% muscle and __% fat.
40, 15.
71
The average woman is __% muscle and __% fat.
23, 25.
72
Children are exposed to an average of __,___ food commercials a year.
10,000.
73
Depression and anxiety can lead to b_____ ________.
Binge eating.
74
More than ___ of teen girls and ___ of boys use unhealthy ways to control weight.
1/2, 1/3.
75
___ of 10 year old girls fear being fat.
4/5
76
___ of 9-11 year old girls are dieting.
1/2
77
Over __% of college women have dieted.
90.
78
Eating disorders are qualified by p_________ disturbances.
Persistent.
79
Anorexia nervosa mainly affects women during a_____________ and young adulthood.
Adolescence.
80
TRUE OR FALSE: Richer women are at greater risk for anorexia nervosa because they have more resources to accomplish it.
TRUE
81
A healthy BMI ranges from __._ to __._, but the average BMI of runway models is 17.
18.5 to 24.9.
82
___ of American women have a BMI over __.
25.
83
People with anorexia can drop __% of their weight in a year.
25%.
84
Anorexia can lead to c__________ and r__________ problems.
Cardiovascular, respiratory.
85
The female athlete triad involves 1. l__ ______ (eating poorly), 2. m_______ _________, 3. loss of b___ d________.
Low energy, menstrual problems, loss of bone density.
86
The mortality rate for women with anorexia is _%.
5%.
87
Bulimia nervosa involves repeated b______ ______ and p________.
Binge eating, purging.
88
TRUE OR FALSE: Bulimia affects the same age range as anorexia.
TRUE
89
Binge eating often follows d_______.
Dieting.
90
Purging, aside from vomiting, can include strict d_______, l________, and intense e________.
Dieting, laxatives, exercise.
91
Bulimia and anorexia trigger h________ imbalances and are linked with menstrual imbalances.
Hormonal imbalances.
92
Bulimia and anorexia are connected with deep d_________.
Depression.
93
Eating disorder is linked to parent-child "_________."
Warfare.
94
Eating disorders are also linked to parental ___________.
Struggles.
95
Eating disorders are linked to parent's ________.
Insults.
96
Child abuse is variably linked to _______ ______________.
Eating disorders.
97
Models are, on average, _% taller and __% thinner.
9, 16.
98
Eating disorders are affected by our s_____________ climate.
Sociocultural.
99
The 13 reasons for sex include:
PHYSICIAL:
1. Pl_______.
2. Ph________ D__________.
3. E_________ See______.
4. S______ Re_________.
1. Pleasure
2. Physical desirability.
3. Experience seeking.
4. Stress redduction.
100
The 13 reasons for sex include:
GOAL:
1. Re_______.
2. Soc___ S_______.
3. Rev_____.
4. Ut________.
1. Resources
2. Social Status
3. Revenge
4. Utilitarian
101
The 13 reasons for sex include:
EMOTIONAL:
1. L___ and c__________.
2. E____________.
1. Love and commitment.
2. Expression.
102
The 13 reasons for sex include:
INSECURITY:
1. S___-E______ B_______
2. D___/P_______
3. M___ G________
1. Self-Esteem Boosting
2. Duty/Pressure
3. Mate Guarding
103
Cindy Meston and David Buss investigated the reasons for ___.
Sex.
104
TRUE OR FALSE: Both men and women motivated by short- and long-term relationships were motivated by p_______.
Pleasure.
105
(Men/Women) are more motivated by the physical desirability of their partners, on average.
Men
106
Sex for resources, revenge, social status, or utilitarian reasons was ____ in the study.
Rare.
107
TRUE OR FALSE: We experience genetic whisperings that push people to either "spread seed" or find a mate to raise a child with.
TRUE
108
Sexual behavior can be influenced by c_______ factors, r_____________ beliefs, __________ attitudes, the m____, the behavior of _________, d___s, and s__ ________.
Cultural factors, religious beliefs, parental attitudes, the media, the behavior of friends, drugs, and sex education.
109
In both men and women, ____________ is linked to sex drive.
Testosterone.
110
Usually, men produce _ - _ more testosterone than women.
7-10.
111
In women, androgens are produced in the _______ _______ and the _________.
Adrenal glands, ovaries.
112
___ ________ promote development of sex organs + regulate the menstrual cycle.
Sex hormones
113
Sex hormones have an _____________ and o__________ effect on behavior.
Activating and organizing.
114
The activating effects (of sex hormones) relate to a________ and the likelihood of sexual behavior.
Arousal.`
115
Estrus applies to c___, ____, and some r_______.
cats, dog, rodents.
116
On average, men are more interested in c______ _____ and m__________ ___________.
Casual sex, multiple partners.
117
William Masters and Virginia Johnson investigated male-female differences in sexual ___________.
Stimulation.
118
Masters and Johnson found that male-female biological responses to sexual stimulation are actually quite __________.
Similar.
119
The sexual response cycle consists of _ stages.
4
120
The sexual response cycle is characterized by two responses: what are they? V and M.
Vasocongestion, myotonia.
121
Vasocongestion is the __________ of genital tissues with blood, as blood vessels dilate: the nipples and testes. Erection, swelling of labia.
Swelling.
122
Myotonia is m______ t________, causing g_________, spasms in the h____, f____, and o________.
Muscle tension, grimaces, hands, feet, orgasm.
123
Erection, vaginal lubrication, and orgasm are all r______.
Reflexes.
124
The excitement phase is stage _ of the SRC.
1.
125
The excitement phase is brought on by v___________.
Vasocongestion.
126
The excitement phase causes e_________ (including of the nipples), _______ing of the scrotal skin, and __________ testes size, vaginal l__________, swelling of the c_______, and fl_______ and sp______ of the labia, e________ the inner vagina.
Erection, thickening, increased, lubrication, clitoris, flattening and spreading, expanding.
127
TRUE OR FALSE: Sexual arousal remains stable during the plateau phase.
TRUE
128
During the plateau phase, genitals will slightly _________.
Expand.
129
In the plateau phase, heart rate can rise to ___-___ beats per minute, as ________ __________ also rises.
100-160. Blood pressure.
130
The third phase of SRC is the o_________ phase.
Orgasmic.
131
During the orgasmic phase, sensations of pleasure are related to the __________ of the c__________ and amount of _________ _______.
Strength of contractions, seminal fluid.
132
During the orgasmic phase in the average male, the first 3-4 contractions occur at _._ second intervals, or _ contractions every _ seconds.
0.8. 5, 4.
133
During the orgasmic phase in the average female, the _-_ contractions of the pelvic muscles surrounding the vaginal _______ also occur in 0._ second intervals.
8
134
Blood pressure + heart rate peak in the __________ phase, the latter up to ___ per minute.
Orgasmic, 180.
135
During the orgasmic phase, respiration can increase to __ breaths per minute.
40.
136
The fourth phase of SRC is ____________.
Resolution.
137
Resolution is the return to ________ states.
Normal.
138
TRUE OR FALSE: Both men and women undergo a refractory period in resolution.
FALSE
139
Men cannot e___________ or experience ___________ during the refractory period.
Ejaculate, orgasm.
140
The Kinsey studies provide insight into __________ behavior and preferences.
Sexual.
141
According to the Kinsey report, most men __________ and have ___ prior to marriage.
Masturbate, sex.
142
TRUE OR FALSE: Kinsey used a random sample.
FALSE
143
Herbenick's study represented people from __-__
14-94.
144
Men, regardless of ___ _____, report masturbating more than woman.
Age group.
145
TRUE OR FALSE: Fewer students are having unmarried sex than they did in the 90s.
TRUE
146
Teenage pregnancy is _________ now.
Declining.
147
Around _% of Americans describe themself as being not straight.
7
148
__ of people say they've had oral with somebody of the same sex.
14
149
Male-stereotyped play in females, homosexuality, and gender identity changes can be linked to higher exposure to ____ ____ __________ prenatally.
Male sex hormones.
150
TRUE OR FALSE: There is evidence for genetic predisposition in sexuality.
TRUE
151
T____________ is essential to prenatal development of male sex organs.
Testosterone.
152
Without testosterone, everybody would have ________ ___ _______.
Female sex organs.
153
TRUE OR FALSE: Sexual orientation is connected with differences in levels of sex hormones in adulthood.
FALSE
154
In adulthood, the effects of testosterone are limited to __________ effects.
Activating.
155
Gender and sexual identity may develop during the i____________ period.
Intrauterine period.
156
Sexual differentation of the sex organs occurs in the first _ months of pregnancy.
2
157
TRUE OR FALSE: Differentation of the sex organs happens after the sexual differentation of brain structures
FALSE
158
Sexual differentation of brain structures occurs during the ___ half of pregnancy.
2nd
159
TRUE OR FALSE: Sexual differentation of the sex organs and of the brain occur dependently.
FALSE
160
TAT stands for _________ ______________ ____.
Thematic Apperception Test.
161
TAT was invented by David McC________.
David McClelland.
162
In TAT, subjects are made to ___________ picture-card stories.
Construct.
163
TAT found that __% of graduates with high achievement motivation (who saw the TAT positively) were successful in studying and later in life.
83%
164
70% of graduates in nonentrepreneurial positions had low _______________ m__________.
Achievement motivation.
165
Performance goals can be related to ____________ rewards.
Extrinsic.
166
Learning goals can be related to __________ rewards.
Intrinsic.
167
Children who prioritize learning goals often have parents with high __________ m__________.
Achievement motivation.
168
You can help a child create learning goals by en____________, sharing n_____ ideas, and praising p____________.
Encouragement, novel, persistance.
169
TRUE OR FALSE: Children raised with a growth mindset associate achievements with self-worth.
TRUE
170
Emotions are i________ with motivation, because behaviors can be motivated by emotion and emotions can motivate goals.
Intertwined.
171
Emotions are states with c_________, p____________, and b__________ aspects.
Cognitive, physiological, behavioral.
172
Emotions are associated with a_________ of the __________ nervous system.
Arousal, autonomic.
173
Emotion is intensified by a_________ of the nervous system.
Arousal.
174
Fear is related to the ______________ branch of the nervous system.
Sympathetic.
175
Anger is related to the (sympathetic/parasympathetic/ both) branch*es of the nervous system.
Both!
176
Depression is related to the ______________ brancah of the nervous system.
Parasympathetic.
177
TRUE OR FALSE: Smiling is a universal sign of friendliness.
TRUE
178
Universal signs of emotion include s________, b_______ one's ________.
Smiling, baring one's teeth.
179
TRUE OR FALSE: There's no perfect 1:1 emotion-to-facial-expression relationship.
TRUE
180
People in developed nations are generally __________ with their lives.
Satisfied.
181
Positive psychology deals with h___, l___, j__, and s______ pl________.
Hope, love, joy, sensual pleasures.
182
_________ factors play a large role in happiness.
Genetic
183
TRUE OR FALSE: Positive events and negative events affect our happiness only in the moment.
Likely TRUE
184
People are happier when they have enough ______.
Money
185
Money reduces _____.
Worry
186
When we compare ourselves to others, we often make ourselves m_________.
Miserable.
187
Happiness is associated with o_________.
Optimism.
188
Optimism is a c_________ b___.
Cognitive bias.
189
People with optimism tend to perform ________.
Better.
190
Optimism contributes to s___-______.
Self-esteem.
191
Facial expressions reflect e_____________ states, and allow us to c___________.
Emotional, communicate.
192
Emotional states can cause e__________ activity patterns in the facial muscles and brain.
Electrical.
193
TRUE OR FALSE: The facial-feedback hypothesis states that emotional activity affects facial expressions, not the other way around.
FALSE
194
When people are made to frown, they rate cartoons as more ag_r____ve.
Aggressive.
195
A_______ links facial feedback and emotion.
Arousal.
196
Arousal _______s emotional responses.
Boosts.
197
The "commonsense theory of emotions" states that a s________ is i___________ by a person, creating a combination of a______ and t________.
Situation, interpreted, arousal, thoughts.
198
TRUE OR FALSE: Only contemporary theories go against commonsense theory, not both contemporary and historic theories.
FALSE
199
James-Lange Theory states that an ex_________ s_________ causes arousal and a______, which is then app_____, and then emotion is experienced.
External stimulus, action, which is then appraised.
200
In James-Lange Theory, emotions come from the appraisal of our b___ responses.
Body.
201
TRUE OR FALSE: James-Lange Theory is inconsistent with facial feedback.
FALSE
202
James-Lange Theory allows us to change e_______ through b_______ changes.
Emotions, behavior.
203
James-Lange downplays the c________ aspect, including c_______ appraisal and choice in b________ and em______.
Cognitive, cognitive appraisal, behavior, emotion.
204
Cannon-Bard starts with an ex________ s_______, which are first processed by the ______, and then bodily ar_____, a______, and e_________ are triggered at the same time.
External stimulus, brain, arousal, action, and emotion.
205
Arousal and action can refer to stimulation of a________ and m_________ activity
Autonomic, muscular.
206
In Cannon-Bard, emotions a___________ bodily responses.
Accompany.
207
In James-Lange, emotions are p_________ by bodily responses.
Produced.
208
The main criticism of Cannon-Bard is how s______________ it really is.
Simultaneous.
209
The best theory should allow for ongoing interactions of ext_______ e_____, ph_________ changes, and c________ activities.
External events, physiological, cognitive.
210
Cognitive Appraisal Theory starts with both the external stimuli and the p____________ a________, which is i___________ according to the s_________, leading to emotional experience.
Physiological arousal, interpreted according to the situation.
211
In Cognitive Appraisal Theory, when others ar epresent, we engage in s_______ c__________ to come to a response.
Social comparison.
212
People in an ambiguous situation are more likely to rely on s______ c___________.
Social comparison.
213
TRUE OR FALSE: Cognitive Appraisal Theory suggests that some emotions are different sides of the same coin.
TRUE
214
Where Cognitive Appraisal Theory views emotion as ambiguous, J____-_____ connects each emotion with specific body responses.
James-Lange.
215
TRUE OR FALSE: Scientists have found cells in the brain that respond to specific, single emotions.
FALSE
216
Different emotions have different s_________ in the b____.
Structures, brain.
217
D_______ has the most pinpointed location, in the primary t_____ cortex.
Disgust, taste.
218
TRUE OR FALSE: Arousal directly causes specific emotions.
FALSE
219
You can trick polygraphs by b_______ your ________ and pressing down your _____.
Biting your tongue, pressing down your toes.
220
Polygraphs are based on s___________ arousal, including h____ ____, b______ p______, r_________ ____, and ________/ele___d______ resp______.
Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, sweat/electrodermal response.
221
These can interfere with polygraph tests: M_____ _______, d____, and p________ ex________.
Muscle tension, drugs, previous experiences.
222
What chapter of the book has a section on stopping sexual harassment?
Chapter 8.
223
>Physiological< drives largely operate according to:
a. drive-reduction theory
b. stimulus motives
c. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
a.
224
Maslow believed we progress toward higher p____________ needs once basic survival needs have been met.
Psychological
225
