chapter 8 Flashcards
adolescents, young adults, and adults (130 cards)
1
Q
adolescents age range?
A
10-19
2
Q
young adults age range?
A
20-24
3
Q
adults age range?
A
25-64
4
Q
what age range is considered the most productive?
A
15-64 years
5
Q
how do lifestyle and health behavior affect later years?
A
they shape health for later years
6
Q
what challenges are faced during adolescence?
A
- transition from childhood to adulthood
- psychological changes
- hormonal changes
- physical maturation
- opportunities to engage in risky behaviors
7
Q
what changes do young adults experience?
A
complete physical growth and life changes
8
Q
what is a consequence of increased freedom for young adults?
A
access to health-compromising situations
9
Q
what fraction of the U.S. population was adolescents and young adults in 2010?
A
over 1/5
10
Q
what living arrangement statistic was reported in 2010?
A
25% (1/4) of all children lived in single-parent families
11
Q
in the future, what will happen to the proportion of adolescents and young adults?
A
it will decrease, but the number of adolescents will increase
12
Q
why are these cohorts (adolescents, young adults, and adults) so important to community health?
A
viewing these age group profiles enables public health workers to detect the causes of disease, injury, and death for specific priority populations and to propose interventions to reduce those causes
13
Q
examples of events that occur during the most productive years of one’s life?
A
- completion of formal education
- marriage
- starting a family
- earn their greatest amount of wealth
- find and develop their career
14
Q
why are adolescents and young adults considered important by society?
A
they are the future of the nation
15
Q
what kinds of changes do YA face?
A
- physical
- emotional
- educational
16
Q
why is the period of adolescence and young adulthood a critical one, in terms of health?
A
- many health-related beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are adopted and challenged
- access to health-compromising substances and experiences
- opportunities for health-enhancing experiences
- lifestyles are established
17
Q
examples of health-compromising substances and experiences
A
- smoking
- alcohol
- drugs
- sexual risk-taking
18
Q
examples of health-enhancing experiences
A
- regularly scheduled exercise
- healthful diets
- opportunities to engage in behaviors and experiences that benefit their communities
19
Q
what is the life course approach?
A
the concept that health status and environmental exposures in the early part of one’s life will impact their adult health status
20
Q
why is the life course approach important?
A
it helps explain how every stage of a person’s life impacts the individual’s long-term health
21
Q
what are the 4 variables that are most important to community health for adolescents and YA?
A
- number of young people
- their living arrangements
- their employment status
- their access to health care
22
Q
what are children living in single-parent families more likely to experience?
A
- economic disadvantages
- negative impacts on emotional, cognitive, and social well-being
23
Q
what gender has a higher mortality rate?
A
males
24
Q
what contributes to the reductions in youth labor-force participation?
A
- increased school attendance
- enrollment in high school, college, and summer school
25
what percentage of the overall labor force is composed of the youth labor force?
13%
26
why is employment status important to community and public health?
most health insurance (access to health care) is connected to employment status
27
what have studies shown about YA and their access to health care and use of the ER?
they have less access to health care and tend to use emergency rooms for care more than adolescents
28
what 4 major areas stand out when looking at the health profile of adolescents and YA?
- mortality
- morbidity from specific infectious diseases
- health behavior and lifestyle
- protective factors
29
what was occurred with the death rate for adolescents and YA?
it was declined significantly
30
what can the decline in death rates for adolescents and YA be attributed to?
- advances in medicine
- injury and disease prevention
- behavior changes
31
leading causes of death for young people overall?
1. unintentional injuries (41%)
2. homicide (17%)
3. suicide (15%)
32
what is a major contributing factor for deaths caused by motor vehicle-related injuries?
alcohol
33
what is a significant racial disparity in homicide rates?
black males have 4x higher rates than hispanics and 10x higher rates than other populations
34
why have certain communicable diseases been significantly reduced or eradicated?
- medical advances
- knowledge regarding immunizations
35
what percentage of new STIs are acquired by adolescents and YA?
50% (1/2)
36
what are the most common STIs among adolescents?
HIV, HPV, chlamydia
37
what does the CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System monitor?
health behaviors of high school students
38
smokeless tobacco (or spit tobacco)
includes oral snuff, loose leaf chewing tobacco, plug chewing tobacco, and nasal snuff
39
intensity
cardiovascular workload measured by heart rate
40
body mass index (BMI)
the ratio of weight (in kg) to height (in meters, squared)
41
hypercholesterolemia
high levels of cholesterol in the blood
42
protective factors
individual or environmental characteristics, conditions, or behaviors that reduce the effects of stressful life events, increase the ability to avoid risks or hazards, and promote social and emotional competence
43
examples of protective factors
- strong family bonds
- parental engagement in child's life
- academic success
- conventional norms about drugs + alcohol
- clear parental expectations and consequences
44
risk factors
individual, familial, or environmental influences that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes for children and an increased risk of engagement in harmful or risky behavior
45
examples of risk factors
- chaotic home environment
- ineffective parenting
- academic failure
- poor social coping skills
- affiliations with deviant peers
46
what is the youth risk behavioral surveillance system?
set of state, territorial, tribal, and district surveys
47
when is the YRBSS conducted?
odd-numbered years
48
how is the YRBSS helpful?
- it is helpful at the state and local levels
- leads to implementation of programs and policies
49
behaviors that lead to unintentional injuries
- seat belt use
- bicycle helmet use
- motorcycle helmet use
- riding with a drunk driver
- driving after drinking alcohol
50
what is a new [behavioral] challenge in terms of unintentional injuries?
texting while driving
51
behaviors that contribute to violence-related injuries
- carrying a weapon
- physical fighting
- dating violence
- having been forced to have sexual intercourse
- bullying
- suicide ideation and attempts
52
who is more likely to be a victim of sexual assault?
women
53
who is more likely to carry weapons and get into fights?
men
54
which race is more likely to smoke?
white
55
when is nicotine dependency usually developed by?
by the age of 18
56
examples of tobacco use:
smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes, hookahs, vaping
57
purpose of 1998 lawsuit against tobacco use
reduce smoking, especially among young people
58
what was the name of the lawsuit against tobacco use in 1998?
1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA)
59
what is now under the jurisdiction of the FDA?
nicotine
60
what was passed in 2009 in relation to tobacco use?
Family Smoking Prevention and Control Act
61
what is a major contributor to motor vehicle crashes?
alcohol
62
what percentage of high schoolers use alcohol?
33%
63
what percentage of high schoolers binge drink?
18%
64
what percentage of high schoolers have tried marijuana?
40%
65
what other drugs have been used by high schoolers?
- inhalants
- prescription drugs (abuse of them)
- cocaine
66
what percentage of high schoolers have engaged in sexual intercourse?
42% (>1/3)
67
what do sexual behavior statistics imply the need for?
comprehensive sex education prior to high school
68
health risks associated with teen pregnancies
- educational
- economic
- psychosocial
69
what percentage of high school students are not physically active?
50%
70
what percentage of high schoolers are obese
30%
71
what percentage of high schoolers are trying to lose weight?
50% (1/2)
72
what are growing concerns among high schoolers?
- physical activity and sedentary behavior
- overweight and weight control
- teenage pregnancies
- STIs
- unintended pregnancies
- alcohol and drug use
- tobacco use
- violence
- unintentional injuries
72
what is a contributing factor to unintentional injuries for college students?
alcohol
73
what are 2 available data sources regarding health behaviors of college students?
- National College Health Assessment II (NCHA-II)
-Monitoring the Future
74
what is a particularly prevalent violence issue on college campuses?
sexual assault
75
behaviors that contribute to violence on college campuses
- weapons
- fighting
- suicide ideation/attempts
76
what does research indicate about tobacco use among college students?
more educated = less likely to use tobacco
77
what does research indicate about alcohol use among college students?
more educated = more likely to drink
78
what is excessive alcohol intake associated with?
- fatal and nonfatal injuries
- alcohol poisoning
- STIS and unintended pregnancies
- various forms of violence
79
what STIs are most common among persons under 25 years of age?
- gonorrhea
- chlamydia
80
what 4 major factors is community health affected by?
- physical factors
- community organizing
- individual behavior
- social and cultural factors
81
what 2 of the 4 factors need special attention when dealing with the health problems of the youth population?
- social and cultural factors
- community organizing
82
optimal cholesterol
< 200 mg/dL
83
optimal LDL (bad cholesterol)
< 100 mg/dL
84
optimal HDL (good cholesterol)
> 60 mg/dL
85
optimal triglycerides
< 150 mg/dL
86
what contributes to high triglycerides?
sugar, alcohol, excessive calorie intake
87
hypertension
blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher
88
when is hypertension considered severe?
when the blood pressure is over 120/80 mmHg
89
what condition is known as the "silent killer"
hypertension
90
how can hypertension be prevented?
- low sodium diet
- exercise
91
what is atherosclerosis often called?
coronary artery disease
92
artherosclerosis
- thickening + hardening of arteries
- plaque buildup and deposit on the arteries
93
what is the single greatest killer?
coronary heart disease (heart attack)
94
coronary heart disease (heart attack)
- area of the heart suffers permanent damage, normal blood supply is blocked
- lifesaving support is critical
95
define cancer
a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
96
benign tumors
can obstruct organs but are non-cancerous
97
malignant tumors
produce mutant cells and spread to organs; are cancerous
98
in what age group is cancer the leading cause of death?
44-64
99
2nd leading cause of death in the U.S.
cancer
100
what should saturated fat be limited to?
less than 10% of diet/total daily calorie intake
101
give examples of foods high in saturated fat
- palm oil
- coconut oil
- butter
- cheese
- bacon
- pork
- yogurt
102
what causes cancer?
- lifestyle
- genetics
- occupational + environmental risks
- reproductive + hormonal factors
- alcohol
- smoking
- chemicals in foods
- infectious disease
103
leading causes of cancer deaths in men
1. lung
2. prostate
3. colon-rectal
104
leading causes of cancer deaths in women
1. lung
2. breast
3. colon-rectal
105
how can breast cancer be prevented?
- reducing alcohol
- having a diet low in fats
106
lung cancer
- leading cause of cancer deaths
- smoking is responsible for 90% of cases
107
how can breast cancer be found?
self-exams and mammograms
108
where is breast cancer more common?
developed nations
109
what are most symptoms of prostate cancer associated with?
issues with urination
110
how do chances of having prostate cancer increase?
- aging
- if a father or brother has it
111
how can prostate cancer be prevented?
having a diet high in fruits and vegetables (especially lycopene)
112
symptoms of colon cancer
- rectal bleeding
- blood in the stool
- changes in bowel habits
113
how can colon cancer be found/diagnosed?
colonoscopy
114
risk factors for colon cancer
- over 50 years old
- obesity
- family history
115
how can colon cancer be prevented?
- exercise
- diet high in fruits + vegetables
- eating more fiber
- avoiding red meat
116
arrhythmias
- irregularities in heart rhythm
- not all are life threatening
117
how can arrhythmias be triggered?
excessive caffeine and nicotine intake
118
tachycardia
when the heart beats faster than normal (>100 bpm)
119
bradycardia
when the heart beats abnormally slower (<60 bpm)
120
stroke (or CV accident)
when blood supply to the brain is interrupted
121
symptoms of strokes
- drooping face on one side
- weakness or paralysis of one arm (monoparesis or monoplegia)
- slurred speech
122
aneurysm
- a bulge that hemorrhages
- can cause a stroke
123
alcohol prevention efforts
- comprehensive health education
- should include components outside the classroom
- increase in protective factors
- prevention programs
124
what portion of the U.S. population do adults represent?
1/2
125
what years were baby boomers born in?
1946-1964
126
mortality of adults
- mainly from chronic diseases
- results from unhealthy behaviors + poor lifestyle choices
127
what has led to a decline in the death rate for adults?
lifestyle improvements and public health advances
128
define ideal cardiovascular health
absence of clinical indicators of CVD and the presence of the following behavioral and health factor metrics:
- not smoking
- recommended physical activity
- a healthy diet pattern
- a healthy weight
129
why have age-adjusted mortality rates for CVD dropped over the past 60 years?
- public health efforts related to smoking cessation
- increased physical activity
- nutrition
