chapter 8

Question 1

according to the 1982 constitution, the larger aboriginal category was made up of which three groups

Answer 1

status Indians, Inuit, and Metis

Question 2

the Canadian gov switched from using the term —- to —– in —– influenced by —-

Answer 2

aboriginal, indigenous, 2015, UNDRIP

Question 3

in 2016, the Supreme Court of canada ruled that canada not grant —– status to non status Indian and —-

Answer 3

indian, metis

Question 4

four categories of indigenous people in canada

Answer 4

inuit, First Nations, Metis, non-status Indians

Question 5

when were the discs around the neck for the inuit discontinued?

Answer 5

1941- 1971

Question 6

in 1939, what did the Supreme Court of canada rule in regard to the inuit people?

Answer 6

that they should be considered Indians, but this was opposed by the inuit, and now they are no longer constrained by the Indian act

Question 7

metis is a French term meaning

Answer 7

half caste, used to escribe the descendants of unions between male French-Canadian fur traders and Indigenous women in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Canada.

Question 8

two definitions of metis by two different organizations

Answer 8

the Metis national council (MNC) is more narrow. the metis nation of canada (MNOC) is more broad

Question 9

MNC narrow definition of metis

Answer 9

Métis means a person who self-identifies as Métis, is of historic Métis Nation Ancestry, is distinct from other Aboriginal Peoples, and is accepted by the Métis Nation

Question 10

MNOC broader definition of metis

Answer 10

more broadly defined as “mixed populations” who include but are not limited to the historic Métis as defined by the Métis National Council.
for the MNOC, Métis ancestral origins need not be rooted in the historic Métis homeland in western Canada,

Question 11

First Nations

Answer 11

the term used since the 1980s to describe status or registered Indians, i.e., those who have been recognized as natives by governments.

Question 12

the indian act of —-

Answer 12

1876

Question 13

enfranchisement

Answer 13

referred to the processes whereby individuals could forcibly lose or voluntarily give up their legal status as an Indian.
Examples Include: When Indigenous people earned a university degree, lived
outside of the country for more than five years, or became lawyers, doctors, or
Christian ministers

Question 14

pre 1985, enfranchisement would also occur if an Indian women married ——

Answer 14

a non-indian man. their children would also get no status

Question 15

non-status Indians

Answer 15

individuals who lost their legal status as Indians, through one of the enfranchisement provisions, which have since been eliminated from the Indian Act.

Question 16

Bill C-31

Answer 16

a bill of Parliament introduced in 1985 amending the Indian Act that eliminated its enfranchisement and patrilineal (sexually discriminatory nature) provisions, and gave bands the right to decide who are members and who are not

Question 17

three models of band membership

Answer 17

first nations can develop their own membership eligibility codes, can defer to federal gov’s definition, First Nations that entered into formal self-government agreements with the federal government can develop their own membership codes

Question 18

four main types of membership codes

Answer 18

1. one-parent descent rules whereby a person is eligible for membership based on the membership eligibility of one parent;
2. two-parent descent rules, which declare that for a person to become eligible, both of that person’s parents must be members or eligible for membership;
3. blood quantum rules, which base eligibility on the amount of Indian blood a person possesses (typically 50 per cent);
4. Indian Act rules that base membership on sections of the Indian Act

Question 19

bands that have developed blood quantum rules have been strongly

Answer 19

criticized

Question 20

—– 1998 argues against blood quantam rules and how it will pressure bands to maintain —

Answer 20

Daniels, maintain racial purity and discourage unions with non-status partners

Question 21

the Kahnawake —- community’s blood quantum code in 1984 is controversial for which two elements?

Answer 21

mohawk
- moratorium (prohibition) on mixed marriages
- biological criterion for future registration require a blood quantum of 50 percent or more native blood

Question 22

four main explanations for the disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people

Answer 22

socio-biological, cultural, structural, and historical.

Question 23

sociobiological explanations for disparities

Answer 23

• First nations alcohol addiction
• Firewater theory: individuals who develop the disease of alcoholism are predisposed to it because of chemical dysfunction in the brain.

Question 24

cultural explanations for disparities

Answer 24

focuses on presumed value, attitudinal, and behavioural differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people

Question 25

three versions of cultural theory

Answer 25

1. sees culture and indigenous people's unwillingness or inability to assimilate into mainstream society as the source of the problems they face. 2. see culture as a justification for self-government 3. suggests that many of the problems in indigenous communities stem from too much assimilation into negative features of mainstream culture

Question 26

structural explanations

Answer 26

locate the cause of Indigenous people’s poor socio-economic conditions in racism, discrimination, and economic disparities. Correlation between economic disadvantage and criminality

Question 27

historical explanations (weight of history)

Answer 27

Liberal version places blame on colonial oppression Conservative version places blame on the supposed generosity of the Canadian government.

Question 28

stratification and differences within indigenous communities

Answer 28

gender leaders and led

Question 29

gender

Answer 29

fewer women chiefs. in 1970s indigenous women challenged enfranchisement provisions of the Indian act as sexual discrimination

Question 30

Menno Boldt argued what about the main division within indian communities

Answer 30

the main division within Indian communities is between “elite” First Nations who control their governments and the mass of First Nations who are outside the small circles that control political and economic resources on reserves

Question 31

neotribe

Answer 31

a form of political organization that gives some members privileged access to community resources

Question 32

who said there is an Indigenous bourgeoisie and an Indigenous underclass

Answer 32

Howard Adams, a metis academic

Question 33

segments of the burgeoisie and underclass

Answer 33

1. Elite leaders: “Uncle Tomahawks” because they collaborate with white society to maintain the larger structure of racial and class privilege, small business owners, government adminstaitor, directors of training programs 2. indigenous underclass