Chapter 8 Flashcards
Unification of China (15 cards)
Who was Kong Fuzi (Confucius), and what are his key teachings?
Kong Fuzi, known as Confucius, was a Chinese philosopher who lived from 551 BCE to 479 BCE. His key teachings focused on ethics, morality, and social relationships, emphasizing the importance of filial piety, respect for elders, the role of education, and the concept of ‘ren’ (humaneness or benevolence). He believed in the importance of rituals and proper conduct for a harmonious society.
What are the main principles of Daoism, and how does it differ from Confucianism?
Daoism, founded by Laozi, emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao (the Way), an underlying force that flows through all life. The key principles include:
* Simplicity
* Non-action (wu wei)
* Following nature’s course
Unlike Confucianism, which stresses social order and human relationships, Daoism focuses on individual freedom and the natural world.
What is wu wei in Daoism, and why is it important?
Wu wei translates to ‘non-action’ or ‘effortless action’ and is a core principle of Daoism. It suggests that one should align with the natural flow of life rather than forcing things. It is important because it advocates for spontaneity and harmony with nature, promoting peace and simplicity.
What is Legalism, and how did it influence Chinese governance?
Legalism is a political philosophy that emphasizes strict laws and harsh punishments to maintain order in society. It views human nature as inherently selfish and believes that strong centralized control is necessary for a stable state. Legalism had a significant influence during the Qin Dynasty, where it was adopted as the official state ideology.
How does Legalism differ from Confucianism and Daoism?
Unlike Confucianism, which emphasizes moral virtues and relationships, and Daoism, which emphasizes harmony with nature, Legalism focuses on control through law, punishment, and strict governance. It does not emphasize moral virtue but rather the effectiveness of the state.
When was the Qin Dynasty, and what were its major achievements?
The Qin Dynasty lasted from 221 BCE to 206 BCE. It is known for:
* Unifying China under a centralized government
* Standardizing weights, measures, currency, and the writing system
* Beginning the construction of the Great Wall of China
* Implementing strict Legalist policies
What was the significance of the Qin Dynasty’s centralization of power?
The centralization of power under the Qin Dynasty allowed for more uniform administration, legal systems, and infrastructure development. However, it also led to harsh rule, which caused widespread resentment and ultimately contributed to the dynasty’s short lifespan.
Who was Qin Shi Huang, and what were his major accomplishments?
Qin Shi Huang, also known as Shihuangdi, was the first emperor of China and the founder of the Qin Dynasty. His major accomplishments include:
* Unifying China
* Standardizing the writing system, currency, and legal codes
* Initiating the construction of the Great Wall of China
* Ordering the burning of books and the burying of scholars to suppress dissent
What was Qin Shi Huang’s approach to ruling, and how did it affect his legacy?
Qin Shi Huang ruled with absolute power through Legalist principles, implementing harsh laws and centralized control. His approach created significant infrastructure but also led to widespread fear, resentment, and rebellion. His legacy is a combination of both remarkable achievements and a controversial reign marked by tyranny.
When did the Han Dynasty rule, and what were its key contributions to Chinese civilization?
The Han Dynasty lasted from 206 BCE to 220 CE. Key contributions include:
* Consolidation of the imperial system
* Expansion of the Silk Road trade network
* Advancements in science, medicine, and technology
* Promotion of Confucianism as the state philosophy
How did the Han Dynasty differ from the Qin Dynasty in its approach to governance?
The Han Dynasty adopted a more moderate and Confucian approach to governance compared to the harsh Legalist policies of the Qin Dynasty. It focused on stability, morality, and the welfare of the people, creating a more lasting and stable empire.
Who was Wudi, and what were his significant achievements?
Wudi (Emperor Wu of Han) ruled from 141 BCE to 87 BCE and is considered one of the greatest Han emperors. His significant achievements include:
* Expanding the Han Empire into Central Asia
* Strengthening the central government
* Promoting Confucianism
* Initiating the Silk Road trade routes that connected China with the West
What role did Wudi play in the development of the Silk Road?
Wudi expanded Chinese influence in Central Asia, establishing military and trade routes that became part of the Silk Road, facilitating trade between China, Central Asia, and the Roman Empire. This trade network helped spread goods, culture, and ideas across Eurasia.
What was Pax Sinica, and how did it affect China and its neighbors?
Pax Sinica (literally ‘Chinese Peace’) refers to a period of stability and peace within China, particularly during the Han Dynasty, which lasted from roughly 130 BCE to 220 CE. During this time, the Chinese Empire experienced internal peace, economic prosperity, and expanded trade through the Silk Road. It also helped maintain a favorable balance of power in East Asia.
How did the Pax Sinica benefit China’s development?
The Pax Sinica enabled China to focus on internal development, such as advancements in technology, agriculture, and culture. It also allowed for the expansion of trade, both within China and with other regions through the Silk Road, contributing to economic growth and cultural exchange.
