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Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

oxygenic photosynthesis is carried out by …

A

cyanobacteria, 7 groups of algae, and plants

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2
Q

non-oxygenic photosynthesis is carried out by …

A

some bacteria

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3
Q

light-dependent (LD) reactions

A

capture light energy to make ATP and NADPH

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4
Q

light-independent (LI) reactions (Calvin Cycle)

A

use energy from ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose from CO2 and H2O

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5
Q

LD reactions are in the …

A

thylakoid membrane “feed”

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6
Q

LI reactions are in the …

A

stroma

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7
Q

thylakoid membranes contain … and …

A

chlorophyll a, accessory pigments in photosystems

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8
Q

grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

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9
Q

stroma

A

semiliquid substance surrounding thylakoids, this is site of LI reactions

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10
Q

photon

A

a discrete packet of light energy

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11
Q

shorter wavelength = … frequency

A

higher

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12
Q

longer wavelength = … frequency

A

lower

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13
Q

photoelectric effect

A

removal of an electron from a molecule by light energy, occurs when photons energize electrons in molecules, this is the source of energy for photosynthesis

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14
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

gamma ray, x-rays, UV rays, visible light, infrared, radio waves

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15
Q

pigments

A

molecules that absorb light energy, pigments have characteristic absorption spectra (range and efficiency of photon absorbance)

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16
Q

what pigments are absorbed the most?

A

red and blue pigments

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17
Q

chlorophyll a

A

primary photosynthetic pigment in plants and cyanobacteria

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18
Q

chlorophyll a absorbs what wavelength

A

violet-blue and red light, appears yellow-green

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19
Q

chlorophyll b

A

a secondary or accessory pigment

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20
Q

chlorophyll b absorbs what wavelength

A

absorbs wavelengths that chlorophyll a does not absorb well; appears blue-green

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21
Q

porphyrin ring

A

ring with alternating double and single bonds, with Mg at the center

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22
Q

Photons excite electrons in the ring …

A

which are then shuttled away from the ring

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23
Q

Accessory pigments

A

secondary pigments (e.g., chlorophyll b, carotenoids, phycobilins); absorb wavelengths that are not absorbed well by chlorophyll a

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24
Q

Accessory pigments … the overall range of wavelengths absorbed (carotenoids also act as antioxidants)

A

increase

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25
a photosystem consists of ...
1. an antenna complex of 100s of accessory pigment molecules 2. a reaction center of a few chlorophyll a molecules
26
what are photosystems located?
are embedded in the thylakoid membrane
27
Energy from light is transferred through ...
the electrons of the antenna complex to the reaction center of a photosystem
28
electrons from ... are passed to ... when they are energized again
PSII, PSI
29
Energy from the antenna complex is transferred to ...
the reaction center chlorophyll a, causing an e- to be boosted to a higher energy level and then transferring it to a nearby electron acceptor
30
oxygenic photosynthesis
water donates an e- to replace the e- lost from chlorophyll a, this splits the water, releasing H+ and O2.
31
non-oxygenic photosynthesis
the e- donor is a molecule other than H2O (e.g., H2S)
32
LD has 4 stages ...
1. primary photoevent 2. charge separation 3. electron transport 4. chemiosmosis
33
primary photoevent
absorption of a photon by a pigment molecule
34
charge separation
transfer of energy to the reaction center chlorophylls, followed by the transfer of an excited electron to an acceptor molecule
35
electron transport
transfer of electrons through carriers that pump H+ to the inside of the thylakoid and reduce NADP+ to NADPH
36
chemiosmosis
production of ATP (similar to production of ATP in mitochondrion)
37
two linked photosystems allow for ...
non-cyclic photophosphorylation
38
Electrons go from ... to ... and then to ...
PSII, PSI, NADP+
39
Photosystem II acts first ...
-accessory pigments shuttle energy to P680 -excited electrons from P680 are transferred to b6-f complex (electron carriers) -electrons lost from P680 are replaced by electrons released by splitting water -H+ ions and O2 released; builds up in the thylakoid space.
40
b6-f complex is a ...
short electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane
41
energy released during electron transfer is used by proton pumps to move ...
H+ into the thylakoid space to establish a proton gradient
42
Photosystem I
-receives light energy from its antenna complex and shuttles it to P700 -electrons from P700 are excited and transferred to an electron carrier -electrons are passed along transport chain and ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH -electrons lost from P700 are replaced by those coming from the b6-f complex (originally from PS II). So, PS II “feeds” electrons to PS I
43
ATP is produced via chemiosmosis.
- ATP synthase enzyme is embedded in the thylakoid membrane - protons (H+) accumulate in the thylakoid space (establishing a proton gradient) - protons move into the stroma through ATP synthase proton flow provides energy to produce ATP from ADP + Pi in the stroma identical to chemiosmosis that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane during respiration)
44
Cyclic photophosphorylation produces ...
ATP via PSI, but not NADPH
45
To build carbohydrates, cells need:
1. Energy from ATP (from LD reactions) 2. Reducing power from NADPH (from LD reactions) 3. Source of carbon (CO2 from air or water)
46
carbohydrates are built by ...
Calvin Cycle in the stroma of chloroplast
47
where does carbon fixation occur?
first step of Calvin Cycle
48
3 phases of Calvin cycle
1. Carbon fixation (uses RubisCO enzyme) 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration of RuBP
49
What enzyme is used in carbon fixation?
RubisCO enzyme
50
Carbon fixation equation
RuBP (5C) +CO2 (1C) = 2PGA (3+3C)
51
Reduction
each PGA is reduced to G3P
52
Regeneration of RuBP
G3P is used to regenerate RuBP
53
In the Calvin cycle every 6C glucose needs these raw materials to process
- 18 ATP - 12 NADPH - 6 CO2
54
ATP and NADPH from the LD reactions are used to ...
provide energy to fix CO2 and to produce carbohydrates in the LI reactions
55
How many molecules of CO2 must be fixed for every glucose produced?
6 molecules of CO2
56
for every 6 molecules of CO2 taken in
2 G3P (3C) molecules leave cycle
57
2 G3Ps bonded produce ...
glucose
58
Glucose is not the immediate product of the Calvin cycle but instead ... is produced
2 G3P are produced
59
Relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
- photosynthesis uses the products of respiration as substrates - respiration uses the products of photosynthesis as substrates
60
Plants will switch between using ... or ... ... depending on the circumstances
photosynthesis, cellular respiration
61
during the winter or dark: COs goes ... so ... ... is used
up, cellular respiration
62
during summer or light: CO2 goes ... so ... is used
down, photosynthesis
63
substrates of the Calvin cycle
RuBP and CO2
64
Enzyme of the Calvin cycle
Rubisco
65
Rubisco actually has two enzymatic activities
Carboxylation and Photorespiration
66
Carboxylation
good, the addition of CO2 to RuBP (normal conditions)
67
Photorespiration
bad, the oxidation of RuBP by O2 (hot, dry conditions), causes loss of CO2 because it competes with O2 for same active site on Rubisco
68
Some plants have mechanisms to avoid photorespiration by ...
fixing carbon initially in high CO2/low O2 tissues

Biology (17 decks)

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