Chapter 8

Question 1

Genetic Engineering

Answer 1

Isolate plasmid
Isolate DNA containing gene of ineters
Cleave the gene
Insert it into the plasmid
Insert the plasmid into bacteria
Culture bacteria
Harvest copies of genes or proteins produced

Question 2

rDNA

Answer 2

recombinant DNA;
DNA that has been artificially modified;
key tool in biological and medical research

Question 3

Recombinant DNA technology

Answer 3

insert or delete gene

Question 4

Restriction Enzyme

Answer 4

cuts the DNA at recognition sites;
near gene of interest;

the result two strands with sticky ends;

cuts the plasmid as well

Question 5

Recipient DNA

Answer 5

plasmid must be cut to receive gene

Question 6

DNA ligase

Answer 6

attaches complementary DNA strands to each other

Question 7

Recombinant DNA

Answer 7

the single strands come together by base-pairing, forming a linear or a circular molecule

Question 8

The use of PCR to replicate a gene

Answer 8

Denaturation (heat up DNA to 94 C): molecule unwinds
Priming: cool down to 65 C; primers attach;

Extension (warm up to 72 C): DNA Polymerase replicates the DNA

Question 9

Thermocycle

Answer 9

cylces through temperatures during PCR

Question 10

PCR

Answer 10

Polymerase chain reaction

Question 11

After 30 rounds of PCR

Answer 11

DNA has been replicated over a billion times

Question 12

Primers

Answer 12

single-stranded RNA or DNA sequences that act as starting points

Question 13

Artificial Methods of inserting DNA into cells

Answer 13

Gene gun
Microinjection

Question 14

Reverse-Transcription (RT-PCR)

Answer 14

reverse transcriptase makes DNA from viral RNA or mRNA

Question 15

Norovirus

Answer 15

leading cause of vomitting and diarrhea;
leading foodborne illness

Question 16

Microbial metabolism

Answer 16

how an organism obtaines nutrients and energy to live and reproduce

Question 17

Catabolic Pathways

Answer 17

exergonic reactions;
release energy

Question 18

Anabolic Pathways

Answer 18

endorgonic reactions;
need more energy than they release

Question 19

Anabolism

Answer 19

creation of precursors
activation
assembly

Question 20

Catabolism

Answer 20

the resulting smaller substances are either oxidized or are used in anabolic pathways

Question 21

Redoc Reaction

Answer 21

involves electron tranfer between molecules

Question 22

Oxidation

Answer 22

loses electrons;
often combine with oxygen

Question 23

Reduction

Answer 23

gain of electrons;
usually removes from oxygen or added to hydrogen

Question 24

Cellular Respiration

Answer 24

glucose is oxidized;
energy is produced;
oxygen is reduced

Question 25

Photosynthesis

Answer 25

water is oxidized; carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose

Question 26

Batteries and corrosion

Answer 26

electrons power devices or cause rusting

Question 27

Rusting of iron

Answer 27

iron with O2 (w/ moisture); iron loses electrons and is oxidized (rust)

Question 28

Three important electron carriers

Answer 28

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+); Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphae (NADP); Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Question 29

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Answer 29

adenine, ribose; three phosphates

Question 30

Anselme Payen

Answer 30

French chemist that discovered diastase (alpha amylase); the enzyme used to break down carbs into sugars

Question 31

Holoenzymes

Answer 31

conjugated enzymes; active form; apoenzyme (inactive form) and non-protein substances called co-factors

Question 32

Allosteric Inhibition

Answer 32

noncompetitive inhibitors attach to change the active site and halting enzymatic activity

Question 33

Excitatory Allosteric Inhibition

Answer 33

an inhibitary molecule activates an enzyme nearby

Question 34

Activators

Answer 34

some enzymes are activated when a cofactor binds to an enzyme (not an active site)

Question 35

Glycolysis

Answer 35

Glucose -> 2 pyruvate molecules; 2 ATP; 2 NADH; in cytoplasm; substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 36

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 36

Krebs Cycle; acetyl coA with oxalocetate forms citrate; produces 2 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP per cycle; CO2 released as waste product: 2 molecules; occurs in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells and plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells

Question 37

Electron Transfer Chain

Answer 37

NADH and FADH transfer electrons to protein carries; allows for transfer of hydrogen protons; creates a proton gradient; ATP production; ATP synthase produces ATP through Hydrogen; 28-34 ATP produced; oxygen works as an electron acceptor; H2O as a byproduct