Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ORGMED > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

accidentally discovered the
antibacterial properties of
penicillin from Penicillium
notatum in 1929

A

Sir Alexander Fleming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

purify penicillin and introduced it into
therapy

A

Florey & Chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

discovered the anthrax bacilli

A

Pasteur & Joubert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a substance produced by
microorganisms, which has the
capacity of inhibiting the growth
and even of destroying other
microorganisms (Waksman,
1942)

A

ANTIBIOTIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

β-LACTAM
ANTIBIOTICS

A

*Penicillins
* Cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

interfere with the last step of
bacterial cell wall synthesis
(transpeptidation or cross linking of peptidoglycan
chains)

A

β-LACTAM
ANTIBIOTICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

beta-lactam attached to
thiazolidine ring

  • nucleus: 6-aminopenicillanic
    acid
A

PENICILLINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

enzymes that catalyze the
hydrolytic opening of the β-lactam
ring of penicillins to produce
inactive penicilloic acid (S.
aureus and most gram-negative
bacteria)

A

Penicillinases (β-lactamases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Benzylpenicillin
* given IV/IM
* was made available in the form of
water-soluble salt of potassium,
sodium and calcium
* poorly absorbed from the intestinal
tract, oral doses must be very large

A

PENICILLIN G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • its rapid elimination from the
    bloodstream led to the
    development of repository forms
  • Repository Forms (IM): Pen G
    Benzathine, Pen G Procaine
  • DOC for many bacterial infections
    (Ex: Rheumatic Heart Disease in
    children and Syphilis)
A

PENICILLIN G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Crysticillin®, Duracillin®,
Wycillin®
* mixture of penicillin with
procaine HCl

A

Penicillin G Procaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bicillin®, Permapen®
* gives the compound great
stability and prolonged
duration of action

A

Penicillin G Benzathine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phenoxymethylpenicillin
* Pen Vee®, V-Cillin®
* acid stable thus used orally

A

Penicillin V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2,6-dimethoxyphenylpenicillin
* Staphcillin®

  • off the market due to high incidence of
    interstitial nephritis
  • absence of the benzyl methylene group of penicillin G and the steric protection by the 2- and 6-methoxy groups makes it resistant to penicillinase
A

METHICILLIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

6-(2-ethoxy-1-naphthyl)penicillin sodium
* Unipen®

  • acid stable enough to be used orally
  • relatively small amounts are excreted
    through kidneys, with the major portion
    excreted in the bile
  • can be given to patients with renal
    problem
A

NAFCILLIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Isoxazoyl Penicillins:

A

*Oxacillin
* Cloxacillin
* Dicloxacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prostaphlin®
*resistant to acid
hydrolysis thus
administered orally

A

OXACILLIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tegopen®
* resembles oxacillin but oral
absorption is more
enhanced

A

CLOXACILLIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dynapen®, Pathocil®,
Veracillin®
* similar to cloxacillin
* enhanced stability

A

DICLOXACILLIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

have an antibacterial spectrum similar
to that of Pen G but are more
effective against gram-negative bacilli

A

AMINOPENICILLINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Penbritn®, Polycillin®,
Omnipen®, Amcill®, Principen®
* poor GI absorption
* more frequently administered
parenterally
* not resistant to penicillinase

A

AMPICILLIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

used in UTI caused by E.coli or
P.mirabilis
* DOC for Haemophilus influenzae
infection
oral dose should be repeated every
6 hours because its is excreted
rapidly and unchanged through the
kidneys

A

AMPICILLIN

23
Q

DOC for gonorrhea

A

Ampicillin + Probenecid

24
Q

Prodrugs of Ampicillin

A

-Bacampicillin
* Cyclacillin
* Hetacillin

25
* Spectrobid® * has no antibacterial property * hydrolzyed rapidly be esterases in the plasma to form ampicillin
BACAMPICILLIN
26
Amoxil®, Larotid®, Polymox® * better GI absorption than ampicillin * resistant to acid but not with penicillinases
AMOXICILLIN
27
* Carbenicillin *Ticarcillin
CARBOXYPENICILLINS
28
* Geopen®, Pyopen® * broader range of antimicrobial activity than any other known penicillin * not stable in acid and penicillinase * can be used for infections caused by gram-negative bacteria
CARBENICILLIN DISODIUM
29
* Geocillin® * provides orally active alternative for the treatment of carbenicillin-sensitive sytemic and urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas spp, indolepositive Proteus spp., and selected Gram-negative bacilli
Carbenicillin Indanyl Sodium
30
* Ticar® * unstable in acid thus administered parenterally
TICARCILLIN
31
UREIDOPENICILLINS:
*Piperacillin - most potent *Azlocillin * Mezlocillin
32
* Mezlin® * recommended for the treatment of serious infections caused by Klebsiella spp., P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae and anaerobic bacteria * unstable in acid and penicillinases
MEZLOCILLIN
33
* Pipracil® * most active against gramnegative bacteria * destroyed rapidly by stomach acid, give IV or IM
PIPERACILLIN
34
* structurally related to beta-lactam ring of penicillin * do not have significant antibacterial activity * "suicide substrates" * MOA: binds to and inactivate betalactamases
β-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS
35
* an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligeris * has a very weak antibacterial activity
CLAVULANIC ACID
36
* combination of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin (Augmentin®) * intended for the treatment of skin, respiratory, ear, and urinary tract infections caused by β-lactamase producing bacterial strains (S. aureus, E.coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus ducreyi)
CO-AMOXICLAV
37
* Timentin® * recommended for septicemia, LRTI and UTI cause by β- lactamase-producing bacteria * also used in bone and joint infections caused by these organisms
Ticarcillin + Clavulanate K
38
* combined with ampicillin called sultamicillin (Unasyn®) * Recommended for the treatment of skin, tissue, intra-abdominal, and gynecological infections caused by β-lactamaseproducing strains of S. aureus, Klebsiella spp., P. mirabilis, B. fragilis, Enterobacter, and Acinetobacter spp
SULBACTAM
39
* a more potent β-lactamase inhibitor * combined with Piperacillin (Zosyn®, Tazocin®) * approved indications include appendicitis, postpartum endometritis, pelvic inflammation disease, skin infections, and pneumonia caused by β-lactamase producing bacteria
TAZOBACTAM
40
differ with penicillin in that the sulfur atom of the thiazolidine ring has been externalized and replaced by a carbon atom
CARBAPENEMS
41
isolated from Streptomyces cattleya * outstanding broad-spectrum antibacterial properties in vitro against most aerobic and anaerobic gram positive and gram-negative bacteria * resistant to β-lactamases * susceptible to acid and alkaline hydrolysis
THIENAMYCIN
42
* retains the extraordinary spectrum of thienamycin * undergoes cleavage by dihydropeptidase * combined with Cilastatin (Primaxin), an inhibitor of DHP-I * Imipenem + Aminoglycoside (Synergistic action)
IMIPENEM
43
* Meronem® * a second-generation carbapenem * has been approved for the treatment of infections caused by multipleresistant bacteria and for empirical therapy for serious infections
MEROPENEM
44
exhibits greater potency against gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria but slightly less active against most gram-positive bacteria than imipenem * not hydrolyzed by DHP-I and beta-lactamases * not active orally
MEROPENEM
45
Beta-lactam antibiotics isolated from Cephalosporium or prepared semisynthetically * Beta-lactam ring attached to dihydrothiazine ring * nucleus: 7-aminocephalosporanic acid * classified into 4 generations
CEPHALOSPORINS
46
First generation cephalosporins starts with "Cefa" or "Cepha" except
Cephradine
47
Second generation cephalosporins starts with "Cef" and nothing ends with "-ime" or "-one" except
Cefuroxime, Cefpodoxime and Loracarbacef
48
Third generation cephalosporins starts with "Cef" and ends with "-ime" or "-one" except
Ceftibuten, Cefdinir, Moxalactam and Cefditoren
49
Fourth Generation cephalosporins:
* Cefepime, Cefpirome
50
Fifth Generation cephalosporins:
* Ceftabiprole * Ceftaroline
51
AMINOGLYCOSIDES:
* Gentamicin * Tobramycin * Amikacin * Neomycin * Kanamycin * Streptomycin
52
first aminoglycoside discovered * obtained from Streptomyces spp. (-mycin) and Micromonospora spp. (-micin) * bactericida
Streptomycin
53
absorbed poorly after oral administration due to its highly POLAR structure, thus given parenterally * all must be given parenterally to achieve adequate serum levels except Neomycin (oral or topical only) * Synergistic with beta-lactam antibiotics
Streptomycin
54

ORGMED (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions