Chapter 8

Question 1

Natural active immunity

Answer 1

Individual encounters a pathogen and mounts a response against it
Creates antibodies and memory cells specific of pathogen

Question 2

Natural passive immunity

Answer 2

Individual acquires antibodies from breastfeeding/placenta

Question 3

Artificial active immunity

Answer 3

Individuals AIS produces antibodies and memory cells from vaccines and boosters

Question 4

Artificial passive immunity

Answer 4

Individual acquires antibodies from external source via medical intervention
Eg antivenom

Question 5

Vaccines

Answer 5

Medical treatment containing antigens to stimulate a persons AIS to create immunity
→ attenuated (weakened) or inactivated (dead) pathogens
→ toxoids (toxins modified so can’t cause disease)
→ sub units of pathogen (specific proteins from surface of pathogen)
→ mRNA vaccines

Question 6

Vaccine primary response

Answer 6

First vaccine
Takes time for antigen presenting cells to find B and T cells complementary to vaccines antigen (clonal selection)

Question 7

Vaccine secondary response

Answer 7

Second vaccine
Memory cells from primary response recognise antigen and mount a rapid immune response
Antibodies and memory cells create immunity

Question 8

Herd immunity

Answer 8

Immunity to infectious disease at a population level
Contain spread of disease
Infection rates drop
Protect individuals who aren’t vacccinated

Question 9

Emerging disease

Answer 9

Not occurred in humans before

Question 10

Re emerging disease

Answer 10

Once a major public health problem then declined

Question 11

Factors contributing to outbreak

Answer 11

Travel
Population increase
Insufficient vaccines
Anti vaxers

Question 12

Origins of disease

Answer 12

Usually traced back to wildlife and livestock

Question 13

Epidemic outbreak

Answer 13

Sudden, widespread increase in the occurrence of disease among a specific population

Question 14

Pandemic outbreak

Answer 14

Involve epidemics that spread globally