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Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

The diversity of life is based on the same or different genetic code?

A

Same genetic code

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2
Q

A genetic information molecule must be able to do three things:

A
  1. Be able to contain large amounts of complex information.
  2. Have a mechanism for faithful replication.
  3. Must encode the phenotype
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3
Q

Johann Miescher discovered

A

Nuclein in white blood cells

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4
Q

Phoebus Levene discovered

A

DNA is composed of linked, repeated nucleotides

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5
Q

Albrecht Kossel discovered

A

DNA had 4 nitrogenous bases

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6
Q

Erwin Chargaff showed

A

A=T and G=C

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7
Q

Franklin and Chargoff

A

Did not get a noble prize

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8
Q

Replication (property of the genetic material of cells)

A

The genetic material must be stored and transmitted from generation to generation.

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9
Q

Gene expression (property of the genetic material of the cell)

A

The genetic material must control the phenotype of the organism

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10
Q

Mutation (property of the genetic material of the cell)

A

The genetic material must undergo variations that allow natural selection to work

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11
Q

Fred Griffith

A

Showed that something in a virulent strain of bacteria could transform a non-virulent strain of streptococcus pneumonia into a virulent again.

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12
Q

Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod & Maclyn McCarty

A

Showed that DNA is the transforming principle

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13
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Viruses that affect bacteria

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14
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

Found DNA not protein is the genetic material in bacteriophage

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15
Q

HIV destroys lymphocytes called what

A

Helper T Cells

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16
Q

Pyrimadines

A

T & C

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17
Q

Purines

A

A & G

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18
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick found this based on work by Franklin and Wilkins and Chargaff

A

DNA is a double stranded helix

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19
Q

Primary Structure

A

Nucleotide structure and joining of nucleotides together

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20
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Three dimensional, stable, helical structure

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21
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Complex packing arrangement of DNA around proteins

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22
Q

DNA is a structure of nucleotides which consist of :

A

A phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base (purines and pyrimadines)

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23
Q

Purines

A

double ring structure, forms a covalent bond with 1’ carbon of deoxyribose

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24
Q

Pyrimidines

A

single ring structure, attached by covalent bond to the 1’ carbon of the pentose sugar

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25
Phosphate groups
makes DNA acidic and always bonded to the 5' carbon of the sugar
26
anything with "tide" on the end has
deoxyribose, base, and phosphate
27
"side" on the end
deoxyribose or ribose sugar and base
28
Nucleotides are joined by what
Phosphodiester linkages
29
A-T
2 H bonds
30
C-G
3 H bonds
31
The two strands are held together by what
Hydrogen bonds with are weak compared to phosphodiester groups
32
What makes DNA more stable?
Stacking interactions
33
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instruction for every protein in the body
34
Three forms of the different secondary structures DNA can make
B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA
35
B-DNA
most stable form, has plenty of water, forms right handed (alpha helix), diameter is 2nm, two antiparallel polynucleotides
36
A-DNA
Dehydrated samples, also right handed, shorter and wider than B-DNA
37
Z-DNA
less likely to happen, left handed
38
Negatively supercoiling
Underrotated, requires less energy to separate into two strands
39
Bacterial chromosomes are what kind of supercoiling?
Negatively
40
Plasmids
Small circular DNA molecules that carry additional genes
41
Prokaryotic DNA is what shape
circluar and not free to rotate
42
Topoisomerases
Enzymes that add or remove supercoils from DNA | Occurs only in chromosomes with fixed ends
43
2 states of condensation found in interphase DNA
Euchromatin (less condensed, contains actively transcribed genes) Heterochromatin (highly condensed, transcription, centromeres, telomeres, and other specific places on chromosomes
44
Histones
probably organizes DNA
45
Nonhistone proteins
probably regulate gene expression
46
How is DNA packaged onto chromosomes
DNA is wound around histones and forms a nucleosome, linkers of DNA separate nucleosomes. This DNA is coiled to form a solenoid or a helix The helix or solenoid DNA is looped onto a core of non-histone protein This whole structure forms a supercoil
47
Histones
contain several lysine residues at the N terminal ends Are + charged Interact with negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA Holds DNA tightly and transcription is discouraged
48
Acetylation of histones
Neutralizes the charge on the lysine's, then histones loosen their hold on DNA and transcription is enhanced
49
Deacetylation of histones
Replace the + charge on the lysine's, and histones tighten their hold on DNA, and transcription is repressed
50
1 degree coiling of DNA
DNA double helix
51
2 degree coiling of DNA
Around histone core
52
3 degree coiling of core
Core + linker forms solenoid or a helix
53
4 degree coiling of DNA
DNA + histone protein + non-histone protein
54
Centromeres
constricted region of a condensed chromosome where the DNA does not appear to be replicated
55
kinetochores
Attachment points on the centromeres and are protein structures.
56
Telomeres
Are natural ends of linear chromosomes
57
Telomeres have 3 essential functions
Prevent degradation of chromosome ends by deoxyribonuclease Prevent fusion of ends of chromosome with other chromosome Facilitate replication of linear DNA molecules without loss of coding material
58
Tandem repeats of short nucleotide sequences
TTAGGG may be repeated hundreds of times
59
Enzyme telomerase
Adds nucleotides to the lagging strand
60
Most telomeres end in what?
A single stranded G rich region
61
Shelterin
Protein complex that binds to the telomere and protects the ends from being repaired as a single stranded DNA break
62
POT
Protection Of Telomeres | bind to the G rich single stranded sequence
63
Translation
carries information from RNA to protein
64
Transcription
Transfers information from DNA to RNA
65
Replication
carries genetic information between generation DNA to DNA
66
how does bacterial DNA distinguish from viral DNA
Methylation

mol gen (3 decks)

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