Chapter 8 Flashcards by Chās Martin

________ are the secondary muscles of respiration. They include the neck muscles (sternocleidomastoids), the chest pectoralis major muscles and the abdominal muscles.

Accessory Muscles

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To listen to sounds within an organ with a stethoscope

Ausculate

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__________ A method of assessing the level of consciousness by determining whether the patient is awake and alert, responsive to verbal stimuli or pain, or unresponsive; used principally early in the assessment process

AVPU Scale

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The pressure of circulating blood against the walls of the arteries

Blood Pressure

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A slow heart rate, less than 60 beats/min

Bradycardia

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An indication of air movement in the lungs, usually assessed with a stethoscope.

Breath Sounds

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_______ is a test that evaluates distal circulator system function by squeezing (blanching) blood from an area such as a nail bed and watching the speed of its return after releasing the pressure.

Capillary Refill

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A noninvasive method that can quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient’s ventilator status, circulation, and metabolism.

Capnography

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The use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired carbon dioxide.

Capnometry

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Carbon Dioxide is a component of air and typically makes up 0.3% of air at sea level. It is also a waste product exhaled during expiration by the respiratory system.

Carbon Dioxide

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The reason a patient called for help; also, the patients response to questions such as “ What’s wrong?” or “ What happened?”

Chief Complaint

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______ is to form a clot to plug an opening in an injured blood vessel and stop bleeding.

Coagulate

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Capnometer or end-tidal carbon dioxide detectors are devices that use a chemical reaction to detect the amounts of carbon dioxide present in expired gases by changing colors( qualitative measurement rather than quantitative)

Colorimetric Devices

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The delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the eye.

Conjunctiva

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A grating or grinding sensation caused by fractured bone ends or joints rubbing together; also air bubbles under the skin that produce a crackling sound or crinkly feeling.

Crepitus

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A bluish gray skin color that is caused by a reduced level of oxygen in the blood.

Cyanosis

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_____ is a mnemonic for assessment in which each area of the body is evaluated for Deformities, Contusions, Abrasions, Punctures/Penetrations, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations, and Swelling.

DCAP-BTLS

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Characterized by profuse sweating

Diaphoretic

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The pressure that remains in the arteries during the relaxing phases of the heart’s cycle( diastole) when the left ventricle is at rest.

Diastolic Pressure

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The amount of carbon dioxide present in exhaled breath

End-Tidal C02

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A type of physical assessment that is typically performed on patients who have sustained nonsignificant mechanisms of injury or on responsive medical patients. This type of examination is based on the chief complaint and focuses on one body system or part.

Focused Assessment

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Damage to tissues as the result of exposure to cold; frozen or partially frozen body parts are frostbitten.

Frostbite

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A systematic head-to-toe examination that is performed during the secondary assessment on a patient who has sustained a significant mechanism of injury, is unconscious, or is in critical condition.

full-body scan

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The overall initial impression that determines the priority for patient care; based on the patients surroundings, the mechanism of injury, signs and symptoms and the chief complaint.

General Impression

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The time from injury to definitive care, during which treatment of shock and traumatic injuries should occur because survival potential is best.

Golden Period

Involuntary muscle contractions (spasms) of the abdominal wall in an effort to protect an inflamed abdomen; a sign of peritonitis.

Guarding

A step within the patient assessment process that provides detail about the patient's chief complaint and an account of the patient's signs and symptoms

History Taking

____ is blood pressure that is higher than the normal range

Hypertension

____ is blood pressure that is lower than the normal range

Hypotension

A condition in which the internal body temperature falls below 95 degrees after exposure to a cold environment

Hypothermia

_____ is a system implemented to manage disasters and mass- and multiple-casualty incidents in which section chiefs, including finance, logistics operations, and planning, report to the incident commander. Also referred to as the incident management system.

Incident Command System

Yellow skin or sclera that is caused by liver disease of dysfunction

Jaundice

Breathing that requires visibly increased effort; characterized by grunting, stridor, and use of accessory muscles.

Labored Breathing

The way in which traumatic in juries occur; the forces that act on the body to cause damage

(MOI) Mechanism of Injury

Flaring out of the nostrils, indicating that there is an airway obstruction

Nasal Flaring

The general type of illness a patient is experiencing

(NOI) Nature of Illness

An abbreviation for key terms used in evaluating a patient's pain: Onset, Provocation, or Palliation, Quality, Region/Radiation, Severity and Timing of Pain

OPQRST

_____ is the mental status of a patient as measured by memory of person(name), place (current location), time (current year, month, and approximate date), and event (what happened)

Orientation

To examine by touch

Palpate

The motion of the chest wall section that is detached in a flail chest; the motion is exactly the opposite of normal motion during breathing (ie, in during inhalation, out during exhalation)

Paradoxical Motion

Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue

Perfusion

Clothing or specialized equipment that provides protection to the wearer

(PPE) Personal Protective Equipment

Negative findings that warrant no care or intervention

Pertinent Negatives

A step within the patient assessment process that identifies and initiates treatment of immediate and potential life threats.

Primary Assessment

The pressure wave that occurs as each heartbeat causes a surge in the blood circulating through the arteries

Pulse

An assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds

Pulse Oximetry

A crackling, rattling breath sound that signals fluid in the air spaces of the lungs; also called crackles

Rales

A step within the patient assessment process that is performed at a regular intervals during the assessment process. Its purpose is to identify and treat changes in a patients condition. A patient in unstable condition should be reassessed every 5 minutes, whereas a patient in stable condition should be reassessed every 15 minutes

Reassessment

___ is the way in which a patients responds to external stimuli, including verbal stimuli (sound), tactile stimuli(touch) and painful stimuli

Responsiveness

Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration

Retractions

Coarse, low-pitched breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in the upper airways.

Rhonchi

A brief history of a patient's condition to determine signs and symptoms, allergies, medications, pertinent past history, last oral intake, and events leading to the injury of illness.

SAMPLE history

A step within the patient assessment process that involves a quick assessment of the scene and the surroundings to provide information about scene safety and the mechanism of injury or nature of illness before you enter and begin patient care

Scene Size Up

The white portion of the eye; the touch outer coat that gives protection to the delicate, light-sensitive inner layer

Sclera

A step within the patient assessment process in which a systematic physical examination of the patient is performed. The examination may be a systematic full-body scan or a systematic assessment that focuses on a certain area or region of the body, often determined through the chief complaint.

Secondary Assessment

Respirations that are characterized by little movement of the chest wall (reduced tidal volume)

Shallow Respirations

Objective findings that can be seen, heard, felt, smelled, or measured

Sign

An upright position in which the patient's head and chin are thrust slightly forward to keep the airway open

Sniffing Position

Breathing that occurs with no assistance

Spontaneous Respirations

Protective measures that have traditionally been developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for use in dealing with objects, blood, body fluids, and other potential exposure risks of communicable disease.

Standard Precations

A harsh, high-pitched, crowing inspiratory sound, such as the sound often heard in acute laryngeal (upper airway) obstruction; may sound like crowing and be audible without a stethoscope

Stridor

The presence of air in soft tissues, causing a characteristic crackling sensation on palpation

Subcutaneous Emphysema

Subjective findings that the patient feels but that can be identified only by the patient

Symptom

The increased pressure in an artery with each contraction of the ventricles (systole)

Systolic Pressure

A rapid heart rate, more than 100 beats/min

Tachycardia

The amount of air (in milliliters) that is moved in or out of the lungs during one breath

Tidal Volume

____ is the process of establishing treatment and transportation priorities according to severity of injury and medical need.

Triage

An upright position in which the patient leans forward onto two arms stretched forward and thrusts the head and chin forward

Tripod Position

A severe breathing problem in which a patient can speak only two to three words at a time without pausing to take a breath

two to three word dyspnea

Narrowing of a blood vessel

Vasoconstriction

The key signs that are used to evaluate the patient's overall condition, including respirations, pulse, blood pressure, level of consciousness, and skin chracteristics

Vital Signs

The amount of force applied to the body The length of time the force was applied The areas of the body that are involved

MOI Factors (3)

The body has been exposed to some force or energy that has resulted in a temporary injury, permanent damage, or even death

Traumatic Injury

Fragile and easily injured areas include

Brain, spinal cord, eyes

The force of the injury occurs ober a broad area, and the skin is usually not broken

Blunt trauma

The force of the injury occurs at a small point of contact between the skin and object

Penetrating trauma

Severity of injury depends on:

The characteristics of the penetrating object The amount of force or energy The part of the body affected

Bleeding from _____is characterized by a steady flow of blood

Large vein

Bleeding from an_____is characterized by a spurting flow of blood

Artery

Among the leading cause of disability worldwide

Depression

Symptoms of depression:

``` Sadness Hopelessness Restlessness Irritability Sleeping and Eating Disorders Decreased energy level ```

Most common cause of confusion

Hypoxia

In _______patients, it is not uncommon to encounter a patient who has dementia, delirium, or alzheimer

Geriatric

DCAP BTLS

``` Deformitites Contusions Abrasions Punctures/penetrations Burns Tenderness Lacerations Swelling ```

When assessing breathing obtain the following:

Respiratory rate Rhythm-regular or irregular Quality Depth

A patient who is breathing without assistance is said to have:

Spontaneous respirations/breathing

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(86 cards)