Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What is an organizational change?
A
- An organizational change is the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization.
2
Q
How would you recognize a disruptive innovation?
A
- A disruptive innovation is an innovation in products, services, or processes that radically changes an industry’s rules of the game for producers and consumers.
3
Q
Holden Outerwear (we watched a video in class) is a company that uses an ambidexterous approach to organizational change. How do they do it?
A
- They incorporate structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and the systematic implementation of innovations.
4
Q
What was the disruptive innovation that Holden Outerwear (we watched a video in class) introduced in the apparel industry?
A
- a natural fiber, waterproof, breathable fabric which didn’t yet exist;
5
Q
What is a product change?
A
- It is a change in the organization’s product or service outputs.
- It is the primary way in which organizations adapt to changes in markets, technology, and competition.
6
Q
What is a technology change?
A
- It is a change in the organization’s production process–how the organization does its work.
7
Q
What are three innovation strategies for new products and technologies?
A
- Exploration
- Cooperation
- Innovation Roles
8
Q
What is creativity?
A
- Creativity is the generation of novel ideas that might meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization.
9
Q
What are the characteristics of a bottom-up approach to innovation?
A
- Ideas flow from lower levels in the organization and they get heard and acted upon by top executives.
10
Q
What is an idea incubator?
A
- An idea incubator is a mechanism that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the company can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics.
11
Q
What is open innovation?
A
- Open innovation is extending the search for and commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry, sharing knowledge and resources with other organizations and individuals outside the firm.
12
Q
What is crowdsourcing?
A
- Crowdsourcing taps into ideas from around the world and lets thousands or hundreds of thousands of people participate in the innovation process, usually via the Internet.
13
Q
What is an idea champion?
A
- An idea champion is a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization.
14
Q
What are the four roles that need to be fulfilled by one or more people in an organizational change?
A
- Champion
- Sponsor
- Critic
- Inventor
15
Q
What are the characteristics of the inventor role?
A
- develops and understands technical aspects of idea
- does not know how to win support or make a business of it
16
Q
What are the characteristics of the champion role?
A
- believes in idea and visualizes benefits
- confronts realities of cost, resources
- obtains financial and political support
- overcomes obstacles
17
Q
What are the characteristics of the sponsor role?
A
- high-level manager who removes barriers
- approves and protects idea within organization
18
Q
What are the characteristics of the critic role?
A
- provides reality test
- looks for shortcomings
- defines hard-nosed criteria that idea must pass
19
Q
What is a new venture team?
A
- A new venture team is a unit separate from the rest of the organization that is responsible for developing and initiating a major innovation.
20
Q
What is a skunkworks?
A
- A skunkworks is a separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for a business.
21
Q
What is a new venture fund?
A
- A new venture fund is a fund that provides resources from which individuals and groups can draw to develop new ideas, products, or businesses.
22
Q
What is people change?
A
- People change is a type of change that concerns just a few employees, such as sending a handful of middle managers to a training course to improve their leadership skills.
23
Q
What is culture change?
A
- It is a type of change that pertains to the organization as a whole.
24
Q
What is organization development?
A
-
Organization development is a planned, systematic process of change that uses behavioral science knowledge and techniques to improve an organization’s health and effectiveness through its ability to
- adapt to the environment
- improve internal relationships
- increase learning and problem-solving capabilities.
25
What is team building?
* **_Team building_** is an organizational development intervention that enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups and teams.
26
What is survey feedback?
1. It begins with a questionnaire distributed to employees on values, climate, participation, leadership, and group cohesion within their organization.
2. After the questionnaire is completed, an OD consultant meets with groups of employees to provide feedback about their responses and the problems identified.
3. Employees are engaged in problem solving based on the data.
27
What is a large group intervention?
* A **_large group intervention _**is an approach which brings together participants from all parts of the organization—often including key stakeholders from outside the organization as well—to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for change.
28
What are the three stages for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change?
1. Unfreezing
2. Changing
3. Refreezing
29
What happens during the **_unfreezing stage_** for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change?
* The **_unfreezing stage _**makes people throughout the organization aware of problems and the need for change.
30
What is a change agent?
* A **_change agent_** is an OD specialist who performs a systematic diagnosis of the organization and identifies work-related problems.
31
What happens during the **_changing stage_** for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change?
* The **_changing stage_** occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills to be used in the workplace.
32
What happens during the **_refreezing stage_** for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change?
* The **_refreezing stage_** occurs when individuals acquire new attitudes or values and are rewarded for them by the organization.
33
What indicates a **_need for change_**?
* It is a disparity between existing and desired performance levels.
34
What are the primary reasons that people resist change?
* Self-interest
* Lack of understanding and trust
* Uncertainty
* Different assessments and goals
35
What is a force-field analysis?
* It grew from the work of Kurt Lewin, who proposed that change was a result of the competition between driving and restraining forces.
36
What is the difference between a driving force and a restraining force in force-field analysis?
* **_Driving forces_** can be thought of as problems or opportunities that provide motivation for change within the organization.
* **_Restraining forces_** are the various barriers to change, such as a lack of resources, resistance from middle managers, or inadequate employee skills.
37
How does the horizontal linkage model to successful innovation work?
* The model shows that the research, manufacturing, and sales and marketing departments within an organization simultaneously contribute to new products and technologies.
* People from these departments meet frequently in teams and task forces to share ideas and solve problems.
* Throughout the process, development teams keep in close touch with customers.
38
What did we learn from the building janitors study about organizational change?
1. Long-lasting change can be introduced effectively in organizations only when the changes are accepted and owned by all levels---employees and managers--who are or will be affected by the change.
2. Participation improves decision quality in making organizational changes.
3. Participation enhances understanding of change.
4. Participation enhances acceptance and commitment to the change.
