Chapter 8 Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
Photosynthesis from plants is the fundamental source of food and energy for all other complex life of Earth.
A
True
2
Q
The reaction for photosynthesis is as follows: C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + energy (heat and ATP)
A
False
3
Q
Many crop plants contain 80-95 % water
A
True
4
Q
Chlorophyll converts chemical energy into light energy
A
False
5
Q
Carotenoids are one type of plant pigment
A
False
6
Q
ATP and NADPH are produced in the carbon-fixation steps of photosynthesis
A
False
7
Q
The light reactions are the only part of photosynthesis that require light
A
True
8
Q
One of the functions of transpiration is uptake of mineral nutrients
A
True
9
Q
The Krebs cycle is part of photosynthesis
A
False
10
Q
Water is absorbed from the soil by root hairs
A
True
11
Q
The rate of transpiration increases with higher temperatures
A
Treu
12
Q
Leaf curling can be a sign of moisture stress
A
True
13
Q
It is important to recognize crop development stages in order to apply sound management practices
A
True
14
Q
The Growing Degree Day base temperature for soybeans is 32 degrees F
A
False
15
Q
In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
A
Chloroplast
16
Q
Plat pigments absorb visible light in this range?
A
400-700 nm
17
Q
Plant pigments are least effective in absorbing which color of light?
A
green
18
Q
The two energy compounds used in carbon-fixation reactions are:
A
ATP and NADPH
19
Q
Which type of photosynthesis is inefficient about 25 degrees C ?
A
C3
20
Q
What percentage of the world’s plants are C4?
A
10
21
Q
Which type of cell controls the opening and closing of stomata?
A
guard
22
Q
Rhizobia bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into:
A
NH3
23
Q
The plant response that is most important for triggering flowering in the spring is:
A
vernalization
24
Q
The process by which plats differentiate from seedling to vegetative to flowering would best be described as:
A
development
25
The index of heat accumulation (or heat units over time) used to estimate how corp development will progress and when a crop is predicted to mature is:
Growing Degree Days
26
Half of the yield grains in cereal crops is due to genetic improvement
True
27
Strict cross-pollinators do not require an outside source of pollen
False
28
Yield is an example of a quantitative trait
True
29
Flower color is an example of a quantitative trait
False
30
Peas are an example of a cross-pollinating species
False
31
The resulting phenotypic ration of the cross-pollinating species
True
32
A genotype of GG would be Homozygous
True
33
Lodging resistance is an example of a harvestability trait
True
34
Persistence is a tria that would most often be improved in annuals
False
35
Plant breeding strategies do not depend on pollination systems
False
36
High amounts of genetic variation in germplasm are desired at the start of a breeding program.
True
37
The USDA is not currently conducting plant explorations
False
38
Cross-pollinated species tend to be more uniform than self-pollinated species
False
39
Hybridization is generally a better technique than mass selection for cross-pollinated species
True
40
Agrobacterium tumefaciens can transmit its DNA to other cells
True
41
In 2007, the majority of cotton, alfalfa, and corn planted was genetically modified
False
42
It is possible to transfer a single gene using traditional breeding methods
False
43
The maximum number of genetic traits that can be transferred to a single cultivar in four
False
44
Most modern crop varieties are patented to protect the intellectual property of those who developed them
True
45
When pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower, it is:
self-pollination
46
DNA is organized into units called
genes
47
Plants that have two copies of each chromosomes are:
diploids
48
The total genetic makeup of a plant is known as its
genotype
49
the term that describes a group of genetically similar plants that can be distinguished from other groups within the same species is:
cultivar
50
Which of the following is NOT an sample of a harvestability trait
increased leafiness
51
The development of a new cultivar averages how many years?
5
52
The advancement of which of the following crops is considered America's greatest achievement?
corn
53
Which of the following crops have had their genome sequences?
rice
54
How are transgenic plants generated once genes have been transferred into new cells using biotechnology?
by tissue culture
55
What is the most prevalent trait that has been incorporated into transgenic crops?
herbicide resistance
56
Saving seed that is patented and then growing or selling it is called:
seed piracy
57
Day length varies with latitude
True
58
The latitude at the equator is 90 degrees
False
59
There are five named lines of latitude
True
60
It is possible for the sun to be at its zenith at the Arctic Circle
False
61
The two layers of our atmosphere that influence biological activities are the troposphere and mesophere
False
62
Earth's average air temperature has increased by 1 degrees F in the past 100 years
True
63
A state by the ocean such as New Jersey has more fluctuation in air and soil temperature than a landlocked state such as Minnesota
False
64
The orographic effect causes wet conditions on the leeward side and dry conditions on the windward side
False
65
Less than 0.5 percent of Earth's water is in the form of groundwater
True
66
Naturally low rainfall is also known as drought
False
67
Chilling injury occurs at a lower temperature than freezing injury
False
68
Fallowing involves land in rotation that is not cropped for a season or more
True
69
Drainage systems can lower the water table of a soil
True
70
Relative maturity (RM) is a system that denotes that averages days to physiological maturity for a particular hybrid
True
71
The Colorado River and its reservoirs are being depleted due to increased agricultural use and population growth in the Southwest
True
72
What percentage of the sun's energy reaches Earth
1%
73
How much of the portion of the sun's energy that reaches Earth is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere?
50%
74
Energy is the greatest at which wavelengths?
short
75
Which is NOT a great influence on the amount of quality of light received on Earth?
the orbit of the moon
76
Because of which of the following do we experience seasons?
the inclination of Earth
77
At what angle does the sun's radiation strike at the equator?
90 degrees
78
When were the concepts of altitude and longitude developed?
200 BCE
79
The layer of the atmosphere closet to Earth is the:
troposphere
80
Which of the following is NOT known as a greenhouse gas?
O2
81
Which type of air mass tends to be hot and dry?
continental tropical
82
The Koppen climate classification system how has many major climate types?
5
83
Which of the following is NOT a major climate type of the Koppen classification systems?
Mediterranean
84
Montana would be part of which general precipitation region?
semi-arid
85
Which natural catastrophe cost the United States the most on a yearly basis?
drought
86
Which temperature adaptation type would corn be categorized at?
tropical
87
Which temperature adaptation type would wheat be categorized as?
temperate
88
Which moisture adaption type would rice be categorized as?
hydrophyte
89
Which moisture adaption type would soybean be categorized as?
mesophyte
90
The living portion of an ecosystem is called the abiotic component
False
91
Bioremediation is an example of a service that an ecosystem can provide
True
92
The ecological pyramids of most terrestrial systems have a minimum of five levels
False
93
Simple ecosystems are less vulnerable to destruction compared to complex ecosystems
False
94
Carbon tends to be the limiting elemental nutrient in terrestrial systems
False
95
The entire process of ecological succession requires up to 20 years to complete
False
96
Non-nitrogen-fixing terrestrial plants take up nitrogen mostly as NH4+
False
97
Tillage helps release mineralized nitrogen in the soil
True
98
Deserts are never utilized for agricultural purposes
False
99
One of the most common agroecosystems in the United States is the corn-soybean rotation
True
100
Alfalfa can be a common component of an animal-based agroecosystem
True
101
Modern agriculture has resulted in greatly accelerated rates of erosion
True
102
Wetlands are no longer being drained in the United States
False
103
Which of the following would be considered an abiotic factor of an ecosystem
water
104
Which component is the start of every food chain?
sun
105
In a food chain, an eagle would be an example of a:
secondary consumer
106
In a food chain, a plant would be an example of a:
primary producer
107
How much energy is generally transferred to each successive level of an ecological pyramid?
10%
108
The chemical formula for atmospheric nitrogen is:
N2
109
Which of the following is NOT one of the pathways through which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to a usable form for plants?
denitrification fixation
110
Which is the first product in industrial fixation?
NH3
111
Performed by microbes, the reverse of the immobilization process is called:
mineralization
112
The average percentage of nitrogen in the soil is in the range of:
1-10%
113
Which of the following biomes once occupied 80% of North and South America
forests
114
How much of the world's area is occupied by cultivated cropland and managed pastures?
40%
115
Modern agriculture is also called:
All of the above are correct
116
One of the reasons the Dust Bowl occurred was:
tillage of an arid region prone to droughts
117
Agricultural operations can cause modifications to the C horizon
False
118
SOils in wet tropical regions tend to have high organic matter and distinct profiles
False
119
Weathered rock can be a source of essential minerals for plants
True
120
Plants with low C:N ratios decay rapidly
True
121
Sawdust added to soil can cause nitrogen deficiency
True
122
Organic matter has a positive charge
False
123
Higher earthworm populations are achieved in conventional tillage in comparison to no-till
False
124
Plants infected with mycorrhizal fungi can absorb phosphorus better than noninfected plants
True
125
Productive soils are densley packed
False
126
A plant will extract water at field capacity until it reaches the permanent wilting point
True
127
Sandy soils drain at a faster rate than clay soils
True
128
Soils that are fertile and hold nutrients will have a low cation exchange campacity
False
129
the pH of a soil is important because it influences the availability of plant nutrients
True
130
Most crops grow well in soils with high salinity
False
131
Synthetic fertilizers are used to provide organic matter to the soil
False
132
Geologic erosion occurs at a faster rate than soil formation
False
133
Erosion can leave behind less fertile subsoils
True
134
How thick does the soil layer tend to be in agricultural regions?
3 to 4 feet
135
A vertical section through the soil extending from the surface to an unweathered rock is best described as the:
profile
136
The topsoil is also known as the:
A horizon
137
the subsoil is also known as the:
B horizon
138
Which horizon has the highest amount of organic matter?
O horizon
139
Which of the following is one is the most important soils in agricultural production
mollisol
140
Which is the predominant parent material for soils?
sedimentary rock
141
The fineness or coarseness of a soils is called:
soil texture
142
Sand and silt are chemically composed mostly of:
silica
143
Which soil particle contributes most to plant nitrogen
clay
144
The clustering of soil particles into various shapes is called:
soil structure
145
The pH range that most field crops grow best at is:
6-7
146
Which of the following is an index that rates soil for intensive agricultural production on a 0-100- value scale
Crop Productivity Index
147
One distinction between organic and inorganic fertilizers contain:
Carbon
148
Which of the following fertilizer nutrients is NOT obtained from mining?
nitrogen
149
Limestone is applied to soil to:
increase soil pH
150
When biodiversity is considered, the concept of richness refers for the distribution or relative abundance of the individuals of a species
False
151
Increased biodiversity is generally desirable in an agroecosystem
True
152
Continuous cropping is the planned sequence of different crops grown over years on the same land
False
153
A 2-year rotation is generally adequate to control pests
False
154
By cropping corn continuously, producers can expect 10 percent yield grains over corn in rotation
False
155
The nitrogen from legumes can provide enough nutrition for a subsequent corn crop
False
156
Corn and soybean are crops that tend to be grown in monocultures
True
157
Polyculture systems are easier to manage than monoculture systems
False
158
Hay mixtures using species such as alfalfa and grasses are an example of mixed intercropping
True
159
Living mulches have only been used to a limited extent due to management challenges
True
160
Multiple cropping is often practiced in areas with short growing seasons
False
161
Green manures can be used as a substitute for synthetic fertilizers
True
162
One way to diversify the landscape is through conservation plantings
True
163
Farmers who have CRP plantings receive a one-time payment for enrollment
False
164
Studies have not shown a positive environmental impact as a result of the CRP program
False
165
A common example of a 2-year rotation in the Midwest is:
corn-soybean
166
A common companion crop to alfalfa is:
oats
167
Growing two or more crops together in the same place during a growing season are called:
polyculture
168
The agroforestry system where trees are grown in rows with an annual or perennial crop between is called:
alley cropping
169
The polyculture system where annual grain crops are planted into a suppressed perennial sod is:
living mulch
170
An example of a double crop system that would be grown in a state such as Illinois is
wheat planted in fall with corn planted in spring
171
The type of multiple cropping system where a crop is planted (but not for harvesting) during or following the cash crop is:
cover cropping
172
A common crop grown in rotation with cotton is:
peanut
173
Cover crops are killed using which method?
All answers are correct
174
Which of the following crops is known to have allelopatic effect?
rye
175
What percentage of the Corn Belt is planted with corn and soybean?
95%
176
Which is a type of agroforestry system that combines trees with pastures for livestock utilization?
silvopasture
177
The incorporation of plant residues into soil increases their rate of decay
True
178
Moldboard plowing leaves adequate residue cover to protect the soil
False
179
Excessive plowing can lead to the loss of organic matter
True
180
Primary tillage smoothes the seedbed for planting
False
181
Conventional tilling requires less time and energy than conservation tillage
False
182
No-till is commonly used on wet soils in northern regions
False
183
A benefit to the ridge till system is earlier planting
True
184
Fall plowing can facilitate earlier planting
True
185
Good soil-to-seed contact is important for planting success
True
186
Oxygen is not a factor in seed germination
False
187
Light is a requirement for germination for most crop species
False
188
The mechanism of dormancy can result in germination being staggered over years
True
189
Seed of some cereal crops undergoes after-ripening before germination
True
190
The initation of metabolic processes in the seed occurs after germination
True
191
At low seeding rates, plant populations are not utilizing resources optimally
True
192
Typical row spacing of corn and soybean have increases since the 1950s
False
193
On approximately how much planted land is conventional tillage used in the United States?
1/3
194
Which piece of equipment shears off sections of soil and flips them over?
moldboard plow
195
How much residue does moldboard plowing typically leave?
0-15%
196
Which of the following crops leave the most residue after harvest?
corn
197
Most farmers get their seed by:
buying from private seed companies
198
Seed planted too deep will:
exhaust their energy reserves
199
The general rule for planting depth is to go no deeper than:
10 times the seed diameter
200
Which crop is more likely to be negatively affected by crusting of the soil surface?
soybean
201
In which soil should seed be planted the deepest?
sand
202
Dormant seeds usually have around what percentage of moisture?
15%
203
Hard seed is an example of what type of barrier to germination?
physical
204
Hard seed must undergo what process before planting?
scarification
205
Broadcast seedling is most likely to be used with which of the following crops?
alfalfa
206
Which of the following would most likely be used to plant a restored prairie?
no-till grassland drill
207
Which of the following would most likely be used to plant corn?
row crop planter
208
Which of the following would be planted earliest in the year?
small grains
