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Flashcards in Chapter 8 Deck (22)
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1
Q

What is a flashbulb memory?

A

Knowing the exact time,place,vibe, feeling with vivid knowledge during which a major event took place. Example: JFK assassination, 911

2
Q

What are the two types of dual memory?

A

Implicit memory which is automatic (like driving, brushing teeth, muscle memory)

Explicit memory which needs effort to be put in (like studying)

3
Q

What are some implicit memories your mind takes in without your noticing?

A
  • space/location of things (remember where on the page the thing you’re trying to recall is)
  • time: the chronological order of things
  • frequency: remember the number of times you’ve seen/heard something
4
Q

What are some methods we can use to aid the creation of explicit memory?

A
  • Chunking = organizing the information into manageable groups (phone number)
  • Mnemonics (never eat shredded wheat)
  • Using hierarchies to organize things, making a map
  • Distributed practice (taking breaks, doing over few days)
5
Q

What are the 2 levels of processing, what makes one more successful than the others?

A

Shallow: not good because it disapears quickly and easily

Deep: make connections, use semantic encoding. Good because it will last longer in your memory

6
Q

What a retrieval cue technique can be used to remember memories associated with other things?

A

Priming, it allows us to activate associations with other things if you make that thing memorable

7
Q

One way memories are recalled is by context dependant memory, explain what it is.

A

Context-dependant memory is when memory recall is aided by being in the same location as where the memory was created

8
Q

What is the theory of context-dependant principle based on?

A

It’s based on the encoding specificity principle which states that info recall is better when it’s recalled in the same location as the encoding site

9
Q

State-dependant memory is a way memory is recalled, explain it.

A

State-dependant memory states that recall in better when you’re in the same state as when you encoded the information. This includes caffeine high, and emotional state

10
Q

What is mood-congruency?

A

Mood-congruency is being unable to think of things outside of your current mood state. Being sad and being unable to think of thoughts other than suicide etc. Often the case with depression

11
Q

Memory recall is often heavily affected by the serial position effect, explain this phenomenon.

A

The serial position effect describes the phenomenon where things encoded first and things encoded last are recalled much better than things encoded in the middle. And the things encoded first and recalled better than the things encoded last. First because memory and mind are fresh and ready, last because it’s still often in the short term memory.

12
Q

What are all the ways in which forgetting can occur?

A
  • Encoding failure
  • Storage decay
  • Retrieval failure
  • Reconstruction occurs
13
Q

What is encoding failure? What is an example of this in everyday life?

A

Encoding failure is when something in short term memory is never fully coded into long term memory (not really forgetting). An example is forgetting someones name right after they’ve introduced themselves

14
Q

What is storage decay? And what is an example of it in real life?

A

Storage decay occurs when a memory pathway (connections amongst neurons) slowly decays and fades. An example of this is not practicing an instrument and forgetting how to play.

15
Q

What is Retrieval failure caused by interference? What are the 2 types? What is an example of it in real life?

A

Retrieval failure caused by interference is when a memory interferes with the recalling of another similar/related memory.

2 types: Proactive = an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory&raquo_space; moving houses and remembering your old address automatically. Retroactive = when a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory&raquo_space; made new bank pin, can’t remember old bank pin anymore

16
Q

What is retrieval failure caused by motivated forgetting? Why does memory repression occur? Who does it usually affect?

A

Motivated forgetting is when some sort of deep trauma occurs so the brain keeps it on the unconscious level.

To keep the person from having to deal with constant crippling anxiety and feel horrible emotions.

People who have been physically or sexually abused.

17
Q

What is the reconstruction theory? What are the different methods of reconstruction of a memory?

A

Reconstruction theory is when a memory is changed or distorted because of a variation of issues.

Levelling, Sharpening, and Assimilation

18
Q

Define the levelling of a memory.

A

Levelling = When the list of information you remember gets shorter and shorter

19
Q

Define the Sharpening of a memory.

A

Sharpening = The information you remember is narrowed to the most essential details (guts there)

20
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Assimilation refers to how you process and take in memories, usually by giving is a general or personal meaning

21
Q

Assimilation and encoding together will influence how much of a memory we remember. What can this cause?

A

This can cause us to remember things incorrectly because the incorrect memory fits in better with what we understand about the world

22
Q

How does receiving misinformation effect the way people construct memories? Explain Imagination inflation. Give an example.

A
  • A misleading detail can influence they way people remember an entire event in general
  • Imagination inflation: imagining doing something can actually create a stored real memory just like a memory people experienced and this can be perceived as something experienced later on