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Biology 121 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

catabolic pathway

A

breaks down complex molecules into simple molecules

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2
Q

anabolic pathway

A

builds simple molecules into complex molecules

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3
Q

chemical energy

A

refers to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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4
Q

potential energy

A

energy the object possesses but is not in motion

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5
Q

heat energy

A

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules

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6
Q

kinetic energy

A

moving energy

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7
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transferred or transformed

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8
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

each energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe. unusable energy is released as heat

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9
Q

free energy

A

the more ΔG available (the more negative the reaction) the more work can be done

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10
Q

high altitude -> low altitude

A

increase in stability and decrease in ΔG

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11
Q

entropy

A

measure of randomness

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12
Q

endergonic reaction

A

absorbs energy to complete the reaction

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13
Q

exergonic reaction

A

releases energy from the start of the reaction to the end

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14
Q

enthalpy

A

change in total energy

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15
Q

energy coupling

A

energy that was released from an exergonic reaction to power an endergonic reaction

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16
Q

hydrolysis of ATP

A

the addition of a water molecule to break off a phosphate to create ADP

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17
Q

catalyst

A

increases the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy

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18
Q

cofactor

A

non-protein helpers during catalyzation

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19
Q

coenzymes

A

organic cofactors ex: vitamins

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20
Q

enzymes

A

macromolecule that acts as a catalyst in a reaction

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21
Q

activation energy

A

the initial energy for starting a reaction

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22
Q

enzymes affect activation energy

A

more enzymes = faster reactions until saturation occurs

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23
Q

limits to reaction rates

A

high temperature denatures proteins’ activation sites and kills cells. pH acidity can cause enzymes to die

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24
Q

active sites

A

only part of the enzyme that a substrate binds to

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25
enzyme substrate complex
enzymes binds to its substrate forming a complex
26
Redox reactions
a reaction that involves both a oxidative and reductive process
27
NAD+
functions as an oxidizing agent during respiration
28
NADH
transport electrons to the mitochondria where the cell can harvest energy stored in the electrons
29
stages of cellular respiration and locations
``` Glycolysis: Cytoplasm Pyruvate Oxidation: Mit. Matrix Citric Acid Cycle: Mit. Matrix ETC: Inner Mit. Membrane ATP Synthase: Inner Mit. Memebrane ```
30
stepwise energy harvesting
During cellular respiration the fuel (such as glucose) is oxidized and the oxygen is reduced.
31
substrate level phosphorylation
uses an enzyme to bring in the additional phosphate group from a substrate molecule
32
oxidative phosphorylation
stores energy released form each step of the ETC to make ATP
33
Glycolysis 2 phases
Investment phase: uses 2 ATP to break a 6-Carbon molecule into 2 pyruvate Payoff Phase: gains 4 ATP and ends with G3P
34
kinase
transfer of phosphate
35
isomerase
en enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a specified compound to an isomer
36
dehydrogenase
an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen atoms from a particular molecule
37
Reaction in Pyruvate oxidation forming Acetyl CoA
1. ) Pyruvate carboxyl group is given off as 1 molecule of Co2 2. ) Remaining 2 - Co2 are oxidized, forming acetate. The extracted electrons are transferred to NAD+ forming NADH. 3. ) Coenzyme A is attached to acetate forming Acetyl CoA
38
Citric Acid Cycle 1st reaction. Why is it a cycle? Decarboxylation?
1.) Acetyl CoA binds with Oxaloacetate to form Citrate (a 6-Carbon mol). It is a cycle because without the product oxaloacetate, Acetyl CoA can not bind to it to form citrate. Decarboxylation: removes carboxyl groups and releases Co2
39
Electron Transport Chain
a group of compounds that pass electrons from one to another via redox reactions coupled with the transfer of protons across a membrane to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis
40
Cytochromes
function as electron transfer agents in many metabolic pathways
41
cytochrome oxidase
last enzyme in the respiratory ETC
42
what is the final electron acceptor of the ETC?
the ATP Synthase protein
43
How free energy changes and its relation to ATP synthesis
because there is a proton gradient in the form of hydrogen ions the ATP Synthase uses the pumping of hydrogen to create ATP
44
chemiosmosis
the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient
45
ATP Synthase
the enzyme that actually make ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate.
46
Proton-Motive Force
emphasis on the capacity of the gradient to perform work. the force drives H+ back across the membrane through the H+ channels provided by the ATP synthase
47
Energy obtained from 1 molecule of glucose
Glycolysis makes: 2 ATP, 2 NADPH Pyruvate Oxidation makes: 2 NADPH Citric Acid Cycle makes: 2 ATP, 6 NADPH, 2 FADH2 Total: 4 ATP, 10 NADPH, 2 FADH2
48
ΔG for ATP ΔG for NADPH ΔG for FADH2
ΔG for ATP = -7.3 kcal/mol ΔG for NADPH = -53 kcal/mol ΔG for FADH2 = (0.66 x -53) kcal/mol
49
alcoholic fermentation
pyruvate is converted to ethanol. 1.) a mol of Co2 is release and pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde. 2.) acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. this than regenerates NAD+
50
Lactic Acid fermentation
pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to form lactate as an end product with no release of Co2
51
anaerobic respiration
harvesting chemical energy without oxygen
52
aerobic respiration
O2 is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuels to harvest energy
53
thylakoid
each of the flattened sacs inside the chloroplast
54
stroma
the dense fluid inside the chloroplast
55
granum
the entire stack of thylakoids embedded in the stoma
56
thylakoid space
the inside of the thylakoid
57
wavelength
the distance between the crests of the electromagnetic waves
58
photon
the fundamental particle of visible light. each of their own quantity of energy
59
fluorescence
the property of absorbing light of a short wavelength and emitting light of a longer wavelength
60
absorption
the process by with things are absorbed or is absorbed by another thing
61
reflection
the throwing back by a body or surface of light, heat, or sound without absorbing it
62
transmission
the action of transmitting something or the state of being transmitted
63
photoexcitation
the process of exciting the atoms or molecules of a substance by the absorption of radiant energy
64
resonance transfer
a mechanism describing energy transfer between two light-sensitive molecules
65
antenna pigments
is an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane plants, which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll A molecule at the reaction center of a photosystem.
66
carotenoids
hydrocarbons that are various shades of yellow and orange because they absorb violet and blue-green light. may broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis
67
photophosphorylation
the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate that occurs in a plant using radiant energy absorbed during photosynthesis. Occurs during photosystem 1
68
Light reactions
need light to produce organic energy molecules, ATP and NADPH. initiated by colored pigments, mainly green colored chlorophylls

Biology 121 (1 decks)

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